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71.
Control and operability characteristics of an adiabatic spouted bed reactor with a first order reaction are investigated. The reactor transient response to changing operating conditions is analyzed and the generic control problems are formulated. Reduced-order state space models suitable for process control studies are constructed by utilizing the methods of orthogonal collocation and singular perturbation.Based on modern control and estimation techniques a hierarchy of different control systems is systematically generated. The assessment of alternative d 相似文献
72.
A novel supercritical-gas (toluene) extract, comprising 17.0% of a low-rank coal, was separated by a combination of solvent fractionation and both silica-gel and gel-permeation chromatography. The average structure of the soluble fractions, together amounting to 85% of the extract, was investigated by a variety of spectroscopic methods, including high-resolution 1H nuclear magnetic resonance, proton-decoupled pulse Fourier transform 13C magnetic resonance, infrared and low-ionizing-voltage mass spectrometry. Analyses were also made by gas chromatography. The results for the low-oxygen fractions are consistent with a generally open-chain polynuclear aromatic average structure with about 33% of the available sites carrying alkyl substituents. The most common of these is methyl, but there are also substantial numbers of longer-chain alkyls, some branched, and naphthenic groups. The fractions rich in oxygen also have similar structure but for the presence of phenolic hydroxyl groups, and, as is demonstrated for the first time by 13C n.m.r., ether oxygen links. Aliphatic constituents are mainly straight-chain alkanes with some branched-chain and isoprenoid hydrocarbons. These conclusions are discussed in terms of the thermal history of the extract and are compared with other contemporary views on the low-molecular-weight constituents of coal. 相似文献
73.
Mono-carboxylic, straight-chain fatty acids are present in extracts of lignite and subbituminous coal (0.4–1.0 wt%, daf basis), but not in those of a bituminous coal. They are removed with nearly equal ease by both solvent and supercritical gas (SCG) extraction. Octacosanoic acid is the major constituent, and values of the carbon preference index (even over odd) lie between 2 and 6. Solvent extraction of the coals also removes small quantities (< 0.08 wt%) of straight-chain alkanes which are closely related in composition to the straight-chain fatty acids and are probably derived from them during maturation. However, previous SCG extraction of the coals yielded much larger quantities of straight-chain alkanes (0.3–0.7 wt%). Pyrolysis experiments with a lignite fatty acid fraction and with tetracosanoic acid show that these acids largely survive SCG extraction and, therefore, are not the main source of the relatively large quantity of straight-chain alkanes in these extracts. 相似文献
74.
This paper overviews the International Standards Organization–Linguistic Annotation Framework (ISO–LAF) developed in ISO TC37 SC4. We describe the XML serialization of ISO–LAF, the Graph Annotation Format (GrAF) and discuss the rationale behind the various decisions that were made in determining the standard. We describe the structure of the GrAF headers in detail and provide multiple examples of GrAF representation for text and multi-media. Finally, we discuss the next steps for standardization of interchange formats for linguistic annotations. 相似文献
75.
Maureen Bafor Allan Keith Stobart Sten Stymne 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1990,67(4):217-225
Microsomal membrane preparations from the developing seeds of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius, var. Gila) and turnip-rape (Brassica campestris, var. Bele) catalyzed the assembly of triacylglycerols (triglycerides) from sn-glycerol 3-phosphate and acyl-CoA. The membrane
preparations were used to assess the acyl specificity properties of the initial acylating enzymes—glycerol 3-phosphate acyltransferase
(GPAT) and 1-acylglycerol 3-phosphate acyltransferase (lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase, LPAAT)—that are responsible
for the fatty acids at positions sn-1 and sn-2 of the sn-triacylglycerol, respectively. In spectrophotometric assays it was
possible to evaluate, to some extent, how these enzymes will utilize unusual and foreign fatty acids that are not normally
found in these particular plant species. The acylating enzymes from both plants used, to varying extents, a comprehensive
range of acyl-CoA donor species and some kinetic properties of the substrates involved are presented. The enzymes from safflower,
however, were generally the more selective, whereas the turnip-rape was less particular and could utilize a range of acyl
substrates. The enzymes from both plants hardly utilized erucate (C22∶1), and the significance of this is discussed in terms
of mechanisms which have evolved in order to exclude certain, perhaps detrimental, fatty acids from structural membrane lipids
and dedicate them to storage lipid assembly.
The ability of the microsomal preparations, from the developing seeds of both plants, to synthesize cocoabutter type fats
was investigated. Microsomal membranes were incubated with glycerol 3-phosphate and equimolar amounts of palmitate, oleate
and stearate. Safflower preparations catalyzed the construction of sn-triacylglycerol with largely palmitate, oleate and stearate
in positions sn-1, 2 and 3, respectively. The selectivity for acyl species in rape was less pronounced, however, substantial
saturated-unsaturated-saturated oils were still produced. The results are discussed in terms of the acyl selectivity properties
of the glycerol acylating enzymes. It is evident that given the correct composition of fatty acids, the plant can produce
cocoabutter or other exotic fats. 相似文献
76.
Norman S. Allen Kenneth O. Fatinikun A.Keith Davies Barry J. Parsons Glyn O. Phillips 《Dyes and Pigments》1981,2(3):219-229
The photofading of two anthraquinone dyes has been studied in aqueous solution using ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy and flash photolysis. The influence of alcohol concentration, pH, atmosphere, photosensitisers and stabilisers have been examined and these lead to some important conclusions on the mechanism of dye fading. Essentially, the results indicate the photoexcited triplet state of the dye undergoes a process of either electron or hydrogen-atom abstraction depending on the nature of the environment. Other factors such as aggregation and singlet oxygen also appear to play an important role in solution photofading. The relevance of these results to photofading in a polymeric phase is discussed. 相似文献
77.
Sex phermone components of mulberry looper,Hemerophila atrilineata butler (lepidoptera: Geometridae)
Zhong-Xing Tan Regine Gries Gerhard Gries Guo-Qiang Lin Guan-Qin Pu Keith N. Slessor Jianxiong Li 《Journal of chemical ecology》1996,22(12):2263-2271
(6Z-9S, 10R)-Epoxy-octadecene (SR-1) and (3Z, 6Z-9S, 10R)-epoxy-octadecadiene (SR-2) are sex pheromone components of the mulberry looper (MBL),Hemerophila atrilineata Butler. Compounds extracted from female MBL pheromone glands were identified by coupled gas chromatographic-electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) and GC-mass spectrometry. In field experiments in China,SR-2,RS-2, or both combined were hardly attractive, butSR-2 in combination withSR-1 attracted significant numbers of MBL males. Synergistic behavioral activity ofSR-1 plusSR-2, but not of corresponding antipode mixtures, indicates enantiospecificity of MBL pheromone communication. Because blends of racemic and enantiospecific (SR)1 plus2 were similarly attractive, racemic1 plus2 may have potential for mass trapping or confusion of MBL males in commercial mulberry plantations. 相似文献
78.
Branched-chain/cyclic alkanes have been obtained, by solvent extraction and molecular-sieve adsorption, from a UK low-temperature (Rexco) coal tar, a USA fluidized-bed pyrolysis (FMC COED) coal tar, and a novel supercritical-gas-extract of a Turkish (Elbistan) lignite. Mass spectrometry (with gas chromatography and field-desorption) established the presence of mono-, di (including sesquiterpanes), tri-, tetra- (steranes only), and pentacyclic (triterpanes only) alkanes, including several steranes and triterpanes not previously reported as coal-tar constituents. The potential of cyclic alkanes as geochemical markers, even for commercial coal products subjected to appreciable heat treatment, is demonstrated by the identification of C12, C13, C15 and C16 dicyclics (including isoprenoid alkanes), C17-C26 tricyclics, and C27 and C29 hopane-type pentacyclics (triterpanes) in FMC, and of C16-C38 monocyclics, C34-C36 dicyclics, C22-C36 tricyclics, C27-C30 tetracyclics (steranes), and C27, C29, C30, C31, C32, and C33 hopane-type pentacyclics (triterpanes) in Rexco tar. Tetra- and pentacyclic alkanes were also preserved in the lignite extract. 相似文献
79.
T. Fett K. Germerdonk A. Grossmüller K. Keller D. Munz 《Journal of Materials Science》1991,26(1):253-257
The crack-growth behaviour of borosilicate glass was investigated by use of lifetime measurements on Knoop-damaged specimens. The threshold behaviour in particular was observed, and the influence of residual wedging stresses and preloading below the threshold value were studied in detail. A threshold ofK
lth = 0.38 MPam1/2 was found. The residual stress intensity factor caused by the Knoop indentations was found to beK
lres,0 0.1 MPam1/2. In a static test performed below the threshold, the threshold value was increased by K
lth 0.15MPam1/2. 相似文献
80.
Petra Keller 《Corrosion Science》2004,46(8):1939-1952
Passive layers on Fe20Cr and Fe15Cr were prepared by anodic oxidation in 0.5 M H2SO4 and were investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The preparation of the sputter-cleaned samples and their transfer to the ultrahigh vacuum was performed under protection of purified argon without any contact to the laboratory atmosphere. The prepassive layer consists of a homogeneous film with Cr(III)hydroxide and Cr(III)-sulphate with a low content of Fe(II). In the passive potential range a bilayer structure with enrichment of Cr(III)-oxides with an outer hydroxide and an inner oxide part is formed. Iron exists only in a bivalent oxidation state. In the transpassive potential range a pronounced change of the layer composition was observed: The outer part of the transpassive layer is formed predominantly by Fe(III) species whereas the inner part still contains a strong enrichment of Cr2O3. 相似文献