A novel cyclic process using CaSO4/CaS pellets for converting sulfur dioxide to elemental sulfur without generating secondary pollutants: Part II. Hydrogen reduction of calcium-sulfate pellets to calcium sulfide

The reduction of calcium sulfate to produce calcium sulfide is a part of the cyclic process for converting sulfur dioxide to elemental sulfur that is described in Part I. The kinetics of the hydrogen reduction of nickel-catalyzed calcium-sulfate pellets were investigated using a thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) technique at reaction temperatures between 1023 and 1088 K and hydrogen partial pressures between 12.9 and 86.1 kPa. The reactivity of nickel-catalyzed calcium-sulfate pellets was demonstrated by the conversion of 70 pct fresh nickel-catalyzed calcium sulfate to calcium sulfide in 20 minutes at 1073 K under a hydrogen partial pressure of 86.1 kPa. Furthermore, the reactivity remained relatively intact after ten cycles of reactions and regenerations. This observed characteristic of the pellets is important because the solids must be reusable for repeated cycles to avoid generating secondary pollutants. The nucleation and growth rate expression was found to be useful in describing the kinetics of the reaction, which had an activation energy of about 167 kJ/mol (∼40 kcal/mol) in all reaction cycles except for the first regenerated samples that were lower at 146 kJ/mol (35 kcal/mol). The reaction order with respect to hydrogen partial pressure was 0.22 in all cycles with the exception of the first regenerated sample for which it was 0.37.     

气液固三相相平衡热力学模型与计算方法

原油中含有大量的高分子有机固相物质，因此，要准确地描述油气体系相平衡，必须对气液固三相相平衡进行研究，在对高分子有机烃类沥青沉降机理有了一定的认识的基础上，提出了大的交互作用系数，可以描述沥青与原油中轻质不相容性的程度。根据对油气烃类混合物体系的一般性认识与提出的沥青组分特征化方法，导出了与之相应的有其自身特殊性的气液沥青三相相平衡物料平衡方程组，用考虑沥青沉降三相闪蒸数值算法，对沥青沉降进行有效的理化模拟计算，此外，结合实例分析，给出了沥青质参考逸度的计算，饱和压力和沉降量的拟合方法。     

Effects of extended dislocations on charge distribution in GaN epilayer

We have investigated the effect of extended dislocations (0.5-3 μm) on charge distribution in GaN epilayer grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition on (0001) sapphire using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning surface potential microscopy (SSPM). It has been observed for the surface at the extended dislocations present in undoped GaN film to be negatively charged showing 0.04-0.2 V higher potential relative to regions that contain no dislocations. In addition to the higher potential at the dislocation core, the surrounding surfaces, including the edge of the dislocations, are also negatively charged in a symmetric way around the dislocations revealing crater-shaped higher potential regions (∼0.04 V) relative to surrounding dislocation-free area. The experimental results show that the protrusion-type of dislocation is also negatively charged and its potential is dependent on the size of dislocation.     

A continuum-based modeling of MEMS devices for estimating their resonant frequencies

A continuum-based modeling of coupled electrostatics-structure interactions is presented for the frequency computations of MEMS devices. The present general formulation of electrostatics accounting for free space is validated first by specializing it to one-dimensional uniform motion of conducting surfaces and comparing the resulting electrostatics to conventional lumped models. The general coupled electrostatics-structure interactions are then applied for the prediction of resonant frequencies of MEMS devices due to bias-voltage changes and temperature variations. Comparisons of predicted resonant frequencies obtained by the present coupled electrostatics-structure interaction models with experimental results available in the literature demonstrate that the proposed continuum-based interaction modeling yields high-confidence predictions of resonant frequencies of MEMS devices.     

使用无线网络分析器调试ZigBee协议系统

本文详细探讨了使用无线网络分析器调试ZigBee协议系统的基本方法,从而便于更好地确保网络的可靠性.     

A 0.9 V 92 dB Double-Sampled Switched-RC Delta-Sigma Audio ADC

A 0.9 V third-order double-sampled delta-sigma audio ADC is presented. A new method using a combination of a switched-RC technique and a floating switched-capacitor double-sampling configuration enabled low-voltage operation without clock boosting or bootstrapping. A three-level quantizer with simple dynamic element matching was used to improve linearity. The prototype IC implemented in a 0.13 CMOS process achieves 92 dB DR, 91 dB SNR and 89 dB SNDR in a 24 kHz audio signal bandwidth, while consuming 1.5 mW from a 0.9 V supply. The prototype operates from 0.65 V to 1.5 V supply with minimal performance degradation.     

Poly(butylene terephthalate)–clay nanocomposites prepared by melt intercalation: morphology and thermomechanical properties

Nanocomposites based on poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) and an organoclay (Cloisite 30B) were prepared by melt blending using a twin‐screw extruder. Two kinds of PBTs, ie PBT‐A and PBT‐B, with different inherent viscosities (η_inh), were used for this study (η_inh of PBT‐A and PBT‐B were 0.74 and 1.48, respectively). Dispersion of the clay layers in the PBT nanocomposites was characterized by using X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Tensile and dynamic mechanical properties and non‐isothermal crystallization temperatures of the nanocomposites were also examined. Nanocomposites based on the higher‐viscosity PBT (PBT‐B) showed a higher degree of exfoliation of the clay and a higher reinforcing effect when compared to the composites based on the lower‐viscosity PBT (PBT‐A). The clay nanolayers dispersed in PBT matrices lead to increases in the non‐isothermal crystallization temperatures of the PBTs, with such increases being more significant for the PBT‐B nanocomposites than for the PBT‐A nanoocomposites. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

Phase behavior of ternary blends containing dimethylpolycarbonate,tetramethylpolycarbonate and poly[styrene‐co‐(methyl methacrylate)] copolymers (or polystyrene)

The miscibility and phase behavior of ternary blends containing dimethylpolycarbonate (DMPC), tetramethylpolycarbonate (TMPC) and poly[styrene‐co‐(methyl methacrylate)] copolymer (SMMA) have been explored. Ternary blends containing polystyrene (PS) instead of SMMA were also examined. Blends of DMPC with SMMA copolymers (or PS) did not form miscible blends regardless of methyl methacrylate (MMA) content in copolymers. However, DMPC blends with SMMA (or PS) blends become miscible by adding TMPC. The miscible region of ternary blends is compared with the previously determined miscibility region of binary blends having the same chemical components and compositions. The region where the ternary blends are miscible is much narrower than that of binary blends. Based on lattice fluid theory, the observed phase behavior of ternary blends was analyzed. Even though the term representing the Gibbs free energy change of mixing for certain ternary blends had a negative value, blends were immiscible. It was revealed that a negative value of the Gibbs free energy change of mixing was not a sufficient condition for miscible ternary blends because of the asymmetry in the binary interactions involved in ternary blends. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

Holographic polymer‐dispersed liquid crystal fabrication under electric field

The transmission mode of holographic polymer‐dispersed liquid crystals (HPDLCs) was developed an under electric field. It is reported that orientation of LC molecules under an electric field induces orientation of oligomer molecules giving rise to low off‐state diffraction and small grating shrinkage. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry     

Synthesis and characterization of an interpenetrating polymer network composed of poly(methacrylic acid) and poly(vinyl alcohol)

Temperature and pH‐responsive interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) hydrogels, constructed with poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAA) and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), by a sequential IPN method, were studied. The characterization of IPN hydrogels was investigated by Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and swelling under various conditions. The IPN hydrogels exhibited relatively high swelling ratios, in the range 230–380 %, at 25 °C. The swelling ratios of the PMAA/PVA IPN hydrogels were pH and temperature dependent. DSC was used for the quantitative determination of the amounts of freezing and non‐freezing water. The amount of free water increased with increasing PMAA content in the IPN hydrogels. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry