Inhibition of heterocyclic aromatic amine formation in fried ground beef patties by garlic and selected garlic-related sulfur compounds

The effects of garlic and selected organosulfur compounds (diallyl disulfide, dipropyl disulfide, diallyl sulfide, allyl methyl sulfide, allyl mercaptan, cysteine, and cystine) on the formation of heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs) in fried ground beef patties were evaluated. Minced garlic cloves (ca. 4.8 to 16.7%, wt/wt) or organosulfur compounds (0.67 mmol) were added directly to ground beef. Patties (100 g) were fried at 225 degrees C (surface temperature) for 10 min per side. Two patties were fried for each replication, and five replicates were analyzed for each treatment. For each replicate, four subsamples were analyzed (two unspiked subsamples for concentration and two spiked subsamples for the recovery of HAA standards). The volatile sulfur compounds significantly (P < 0.05) reduced concentrations of 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine by reductions of 46 to 81%, while average reductions of 35, 22, and 71%, were achieved with cystine, cysteine, and whole garlic, respectively. The volatile sulfur compounds reduced concentrations of 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline by 34 to 67%, while reductions of 25, 19, and 63% (P < 0.05) were achieved with cystine, cysteine, and whole garlic, respectively. These studies confirm that garlic and some organosulfur compounds have the potential to reduce HAA formation incooked beef patties.     

Effect of corn particle size on site and extent of starch digestion in lactating dairy cows

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of corn particle size (CPS) on site and extent of starch digestion in lactating dairy cows. Animals were fitted with ruminal, duodenal, and ileal cannulas. Dry corn grain accounted for 36% of dry matter intake. In experiment 1, 6 cows were used in a duplicate 3 x 3 Latin square design. Semiflint corn was used. Corn processing methods were grinding, medium rolling, and coarse rolling. The mean particle size of the processed corn was 730, 1807, and 3668 microm, respectively. Rumen digestibility of starch linearly decreased from 59% with ground corn to 36% with coarsely rolled corn. Similarly, small intestine digestibility linearly decreased with increased CPS, and consequently, the amount of starch digested in the small intestine was not affected by corn processing. In experiment 2, 4 cows were used in a 2 x 2 crossover design. Dent corn was used. Corn processing methods were grinding and coarse rolling. The mean particle size of the processed corn was 568 and 3458 microm, respectively. Rumen digestibility of starch decreased from 70% with ground corn to 54% with coarsely rolled corn. Small intestine digestibility of starch was not significantly affected by CPS, and the amount of starch digested in the small intestine tended to be greater for rolled than for ground corn. In both experiments, starch total tract digestibility decreased with increased CPS. In conclusion, CPS is an efficient tool to manipulate rumen degradability of cornstarch. In midlactation cows, the decrease in the amount of starch digested in the rumen between grinding and coarse rolling is partly compensated for by an increase in the amount of starch digested in the small intestine with dent genotype, but with semiflint genotype postruminal digestion is not increased and rumen escape starch is not utilized by the animal.     

In situ growth of NiSe2 nanocrystalline array on graphene for efficient hydrogen evolution reaction

Nickel selenide electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) with a high efficiency and a low-cost have a significant potential in the development of water splitting. However, the inferiority of the high overpotential and poor stability restricts their practical applications. Herein, a composite nanostructure consists of ultrasmall NiSe₂ nanocrystals embedded on graphene by microwave reaction is reported. The prepared NiSe₂/reduced graphite oxide (rGO) electrocatalyst exhibited a high HER activity with an overpotential of 158 mV at a current density of 10 mA/cm² and a corresponding moderate Tafel slope of 56 mV/dec in alkaline electrolyte. In addition, a high retention of electrochemical properties (approximately 100%) was demonstrated with an unchangeable microstructure after 100 h of continuous operation.     

ACTIVITIES OF COMPONENTS IN MgO-B_2O_3 MELT

The activity of MgO in MgO-B2O_3 melt was experimentally determined at 1773 and 1823 Kby means of slag-liquid Sn equilibrium.The activity of B_2O_3 was calculated by integratingGibbs-Duhem equation.The standard Gibbs energies of formation of binary compounds2MgOB_2O_3 and 3MgO·B_2O_3 were estimated with the activity data of components inB_2O_3-MgO melt.     

MELINIKOV’S METHOD FOR NON-LINER ROLLING MOTIONS OF A FLOODED SHIP

1.INTRODUCTIONA ship in waves can exhibit nonlinear re-sponse,which may lead to undesirable motion,in-cluding capsizing.Many researchers have consid-ered nonlinear ship motionin waters[1,2].Nonlinear motion of a flooded ship in waterhas been investigated during these years.In thepast years,the stability of floodedshipis esti matedby modifying that of the original ship in the viewof stability lost.However,the flooded water hassome critical effects on ship motionin waves.Andit was indicate…     

Direct Numerical Simulation of Particle Dispersion in the Flow Around a Circular Cylinder

The major objective of the paper is to use direct numerical simulation method to get the dispersion patterns of different Stokes number particles in cylinder wake at low Reynolds numbers. The gas fluid structure is simulated by a spectral-element method with third-order accuracy. Non-reflecting boundary condition is specified for the outlet downstream boundary. Lagrangian approach is used to trace particle trajectory. The simulation results show factors to be considered to characterize the particle dispersion and find different particle dispersion pattern in a circular cylinder wake and in a plane wake.     

Simulation study on electron heating characteristics in magnetic enhancement capacitively coupled plasmas with a longitudinal magnetic field

The electron heating characteristics of magnetic enhancement capacitively coupled argon plasmas in presence of both longitudinal and transverse uniform magnetic field have been explored through both theoretical and numerical calculations. It is found that the longitudinal magnetic field can affect the heating by changing the level of the pressure heating along the longitudinal direction and that of the Ohmic heating along the direction which is perpendicular to both driving electric field and the applied transverse magnetic field, and a continuously increased longitudinal magnetic field can induce pressure heating to become dominant. Moreover, the electron temperature as well as proportion of some low energy electrons will increase if a small longitudinal magnetic field is introduced, which is attributed to the increased average electron energy. We believe that the research will provide guidance for optimizing the magnetic field configuration of some discharge systems having both transverse and longitudinal magnetic field.     

计算机辅助椭圆齿轮的实体造型

采用椭圆齿轮节曲线上齿形中心的曲率半径作为当量齿轮的分度圆半径,从而直接引用圆柱齿轮齿形的设计方法,建立椭圆齿轮齿廓的齿形方程.通过VC编程,输入齿数、模数、偏心率后,实现椭圆齿轮其余参数、齿廓坐标值的自动计算和轮廓图形显示,并输出Pro/E实体造型所需的.ibl文件.借助于Pro/E强大的实体造型功能,完成椭圆齿轮的实体造型.