Flavonolglykoside der Pflaumen der Species Prunus domestica L. und Prunus salicina Lindley

Zusammenfassung Blätter wie Früchte von 6 SortenPrunus domestica-Pflaumen enthalten hauptsächlich 3-Rutinoside, in geringerer Konzentration 3-Glucoside und 3-Galaktoside von Kämpferol und Quercetin Bowie Quercetin-3-rhamnosid. Dagegen weisen Pflaumen vonPrunus salicina (2 untersuchte Sorten) Kämpferol-3,7-bisrhamnosid und Kämpferol-3-arabinosyl-7-rhamnosid als Hauptflavonole auf. Hierdurch ist eine Unterscheidung beider Arten leicht and sicher mög-lich. Weiterhin konnten inSalicina-Pflaumen Kämpfe-rol-3-rutinosid sowie Quercetin-3-rhamnosid, -xylosid,-glucosid, -galaktosid, --l-arabinofuranosid and -rutinosid, auch Quercetin-7-rhamnosid and Kämpferol-7-glucosid nachgewiesen werden.Die Gesamtgehalte an Flavonolglykosiden lagen bei den untersuchten Pflaumensorten vonPrunus domestica (P. salicina) bei 2500–3340 (7170, 10350) ppm in Blättern and 20–52 (8, 24) in Früchten, jeweils bezogen auf Frischgewicht.

---

Flavonol glycosides of plums of the species Prunus domestica L. and Prunus salicina lindley12. Phenolics of fruits

Summary Leaves and fruits from 6 cultivars ofPrunus domestica plums contain mainly 3-rutinosides; in smaller concentrations the 3-glycosides and 3-galactosides of kaempferol and quercetin as well as quercetin-3-rhamnoside are present. On the other hand, in plums ofPrunus salicina (2 examined cultivars) main flavonols are kaempferol-3,7-bisrhamnoside and kaempferol-3arabinosyl-7-rhamnoside. Due to the difference in composition, differentiation of these species will be easy and reliable. Additionally kaempferol-3-rutinoside and quercetin-3-rhamnoside, -xyloside,-glucoside, -galactoside, --l-arabinofuranoside and-rutinoside, and also quercetin-7-rhamnoside and kaempferol-7-glucoside could be detected inP. salicina plums. The total content of flavonol glycosides in the investigated plums ofPrunus domestica (P. salicina) were based on fresh weight about 2500–3340 (7170, 10350) ppm in the leaves and 20–52 (8, 24) ppm in the fruits.

---

---

11. Mitt.: Henning W, Herrmann K (1980) Z Lebensm Unters Forsch 170:433–444

---

Auszug aus der Promotionsarbeit von W. Henning: Bestimmung der in Pflaumen, Kirschen, Pfirsichen and Aprikosen vorkommenden Flavonolglykoside unter Anwendung der Hochdruckflüssigkeitschromatographie. Diss. Univ. Hannover 1980     

Immunogestosis: a new etiologic concept of "essential" EPH gestosis, with special consideration of the primigravid patient; preliminary report of a clinical study

Evidence for immunologic processes taking part in the pathogenesis of what until now has been called the "essential" form of EPH gestosis is cited. The name of immunogestosis (IG) is introduced. The data of this preliminary study suggest that regular "inoculation" of the female genital tract with allogeneic spermatozoal histocompatibility antigens reduces the incidence of IG. Information about preconceptional sexual habits and contraceptive measures was obtained from 83 selected primigravid patients. Twenty-eight women had mild to moderate IG (Group B);55 did not (Group A). Women in Group B had had less contact with spermatozoa of partners than did women in Group A. Oral contraceptive consumption was less in Group B than in Group A. Women in Group B were younger than women in Group A. All these differences were statistically significant. A new immunoetiologic hypothesis referring to IG, as well as the theoretic and clinical implications arising from it, are discussed. This hypothesis is based on the assumption that spermatozoal histocompatibility antigens can either induce immunologic tolerance or be responsible for the phenomenon of immunologic enhancement in the maternal immunosystem. As the fetus inherits paternal histocompatibility antigens, it is concluded that pre-existing tolerance (or enhancement) exerts an IG-preventive function in a subsequent pregnancy.     

Application of "subjective gustometry and olfactometry" for determination of reaction kinetics during sensorical changes in technological processes (author''s transl)

Under special conditions the "subjective gustometry and olfactometry" (SGO) allows to combine the concentration with the intensity of flavour components by theoretical means. In this way it can be used for quantitative determination of flavour concentrations as well as for kinetic measurements of sensorical changes. Thus the equations of chemical reaction kinetics (reactionorder, speed and temperature dependancy) can be used for calculation of sensorical changes as theoretically demonstrated for the formation and decomposition of different flavour components. The requirements for indicators, aroma indices, technological processes and storage conditions for a special quality criterium can also be calculated. By using the formation of cooked flavour in apple juice as a practical example the correctness of the theoretical calculations is demonstrated.     

信息与通讯技术产品的环境指标--基于四个阶段的实践方法

人们对于污染、危险物、全球变暖和可持续性的广泛关注引起社会的普遍反响。这可以从公共政策或消费者行为的变化反映出来。对于电子电气设备而言,欧盟已颁布的一系列指令比如《关于报废电子电气设备指令》(WEEE)和《关于在电子电气设备中限制使用某些有害物质的指令》(RoHS)以及即将实施的指令诸如《耗能产品生态设计指令》(EuP)已经和将要对如何进行产品的设计、构造、使用和寿命终期的处理产生显著的影响。为应对这些挑战,急需用于评价和展示产品环境性能的标准,并且要求该标准应具有可量化且通俗易懂的特性。生命周期评价法(LCA)是一种能够全面可靠的进行产品环境评价的主要方法。这种业已证实的科学方法用于进行产品的整个生命周期环境评价,可以得到有用确切的结果。该方法涵盖了从原材料信息收集到产品寿命终期管理的整个生命周期过程,同时还涉及了产品特性(比如重量、使用的原材料、使用过程中的能耗)和在整个生命周期过程中相关的输入和输出(比如能量、原材料、排放量)。为了改善产品环境效能,对于产品设计者而言,所提出的生态设计建议应当是可靠的并且容易实施的。基于技术产品特性和生命周期评价法的环境性能指标应该能够有效地改善产品的环境概貌。由于只需要输入很少的一部分信息,因此该途径提供了一种专用而又简单的环境性能指标的方法。本文介绍一种用于完善信息与通讯技术产品环境性能指标的一致性方法。     

The incremental response of soils. An investigation using a discrete-element model

The incremental stress-strain relation of dense packings of polygons is investigated by using moleculardynamics simulations. The comparison of the simulation results to the continuous theories is performed using explicit expressions for the averaged stress and strain over a representative volume element. The discussion of the incremental response raises two important questions of soil deformation: Is the incrementally nonlinear theory appropriate to describe the soil mechanical response? Does a purely elastic regime exist in the deformation of granular materials? In both cases the answer will be “no”. The question of stability is also discussed in terms of the Hill condition of stability for non-associated materials. It is contended that the incremental response of soils should be revisited from micromechanical considerations. A micromechanical approach assisted by discrete element simulations is briefly outlined.     

Deformation Behaviour of Iron‐Rich Iron‐Aluminium Alloys with Ternary Transition Metal Additions

The hardness and yield stress at room temperature and the brittle‐to‐ductile transition temperature of Fe‐Al alloys with 16 at.% Al, which is in the range of the so‐called K‐state with possible short‐range ordering reactions, and ternary additions of 0.5 and 4 at.% of the transition metals Cr, Mo, Mn, V, Ti and Ni were studied with respect to possible hardening effects of the ternary additions. The addition of Cr, Mo and Mn to the Fe‐Al alloys produce solid‐solution hardening which corresponds to the hardening effect of Al. Only Ti, V and Ni produce extra hardening effects which cannot be related to solid‐solution hardening. This extra hardening is attributed to possible fine NiAl precipitates in the Fe‐Al‐Ni case and to possible enhanced short‐range ordering and/or fine carbide precipitates in the cases of Fe‐Al‐V and Fe‐Al‐Ti.     

Microscopy under pressure--an optical chamber system for fluorescence microscopic analysis of living cells under high hydrostatic pressure

High hydrostatic pressure (HHP) becomes more and more interesting for life science research, since it can be employed to inactivate various cells. To directly monitor "cells under pressure," the development of an optical high-pressure chamber is required. Therefore, an optical pressure chamber that can be used for up to 300 MPa was constructed. This chamber has already been described as a tool for in situ observation of dynamic changes of microscopic structures in bright field as well as phase contrast. In combination with an inverted microscope, we obtained brilliant microscopic color pictures with an optical resolution more than 0.56 microm. Here, we demonstrate the capabilities of the HHP cell, in combination with epifluorescence microscopy. Using a nonadherent human B-cell line (Raji, ATCC CCL 86), stained with the fluorescent dyes propidium iodide, Hoechst 33342, or dihexyloxacarbocyanine iodide, we were able to show that the system is suitable to perform fluorescence microscopic analyses, with pressures up to 300 MPa, with viable mammalian cells.     

Analysis of the velocity field of granular hopper flow

We report the analysis of radial characteristics of the flow of granular material through a conical hopper. The discharge is simulated for various orifice sizes and hopper opening angles. Velocity profiles are measured along two radial lines from the hopper cone vertex: along the main axis of the cone and along its wall. An approximate power law dependence on the distance from the orifice is observed for both profiles, although differences between them can be noted. In order to quantify these differences, we propose a Local Mass Flow Index that is a promising tool in the direction of a more reliable classification of the flow regimes in hoppers.     

Tensile stress relaxation in unsaturated granular materials

The mechanics of granular media at low liquid saturation levels remain poorly understood. Macroscopic mechanical properties are affected by microscale forces and processes, such as capillary forces, inter-particle friction, liquid flows, and particle movements. An improved understanding of these microscale mechanisms is important for a range of industrial applications and natural phenomena (e.g. landslides). This study focuses on the transient evolution of the tensile stress of unsaturated granular media under extension. Experimental results suggest that the stress state of the material evolves even after cessation of sample extension. Moreover, we observe that the packing density strongly affects the efficiency of different processes that result in tensile stress relaxation. By comparing the observed relaxation time scales with published data, we conclude that tensile stress relaxation is governed by particle rearrangement and fluid redistribution. An increased packing density inhibits particle rearrangement and only leaves fluid redistribution as the major process that governs tensile stress relaxation.