从人参叶中得到的两个微量皂甙成分

从有参叶中分离得到两种微量皂甙成分，分别为3β，12β，20（S）－三羟基达玛－24（25）－烯－（20－O－α－L-呋喃阿拉伯糖基（1→6）－β－D－吡喃葡萄糖基）－3－O－β-D-吡喃葡萄糖甙（1），和3β，12β，20（S）-三羟基达玛-24（25）－烯－（20－O－α-L－吡喃阿拉伯糖基（1→6）-β-D－吡喃葡萄糖基－3－O－β-D吡喃葡萄糖甙（2），前者为三七参甙－Fe(notoginsenoside-Fe）,后者为一新的天然产物，命名为人参皂甙－Rd2(ginsenoside-Rd2）。     

Accelerated reversal of pancuronium blockade with divided administration of neostigmine

Key words  reversal of neuromuscular blockade pancuronium - neostigmine     

Mutation analysis of NR0B2 among 1545 Danish men identifies a novel c.278G>A (p.G93D) variant with reduced functional activity

Variations of the small heterodimer partner (SHP, NR0B2) gene, an atypical nuclear receptor that inhibits transactivation by hepatocyte nuclear factor (HNF)-4alpha, are associated with obesity among Japanese. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of SHP variants among obese Danish men. Using combined SSCP and heteroduplex analysis, we analyzed the entire coding region of SHP for variants in a cohort of 750 Danish men with early-onset obesity and genotyped a cohort of 795 nonobese control subjects using PCR-RFLP. Functional analyses of the identified coding region variants were performed in both MIN6-m9 and HepG2 cell lines. A total of five novel variants, including three missense variants (c.100C>G [p.R34G], c.278G>A [p.G93D], and c.415C>A [p.P139H]) and two silent variants (c.65C>T [p.Y22Y] and c.339G>A [p.P113P]) were identified. Moreover, the previously reported c.512G>C [p.G171A] polymorphism was identified. The 171A allele was not associated with obesity (p = 0.07). The 34G, 93D, and 139H-alleles were rare variants, which were found only among obese subjects. Among the four coding region variants, the 93D-allele showed a reduced in vitro inhibition of the HNF-4alpha transactivation of the HNF-1alpha promoter expression when expressed in MIN6-m9 and HepG2 cell lines (p<0.01). In contrast to reported findings among obese Japanese, functional variants are rare among Danish men. A functional 93D variant of SHP was identified in 1 out of 750 obese and in none of 795 nonobese control subjects. Further large-scale population studies are necessary to assess the clinical impact of this rare variant on obesity risk among European subjects.     

Identification of 16 novel mutations in the argininosuccinate synthetase gene and genotype-phenotype correlation in 38 classical citrullinemia patients

Classical citrullinemia (CTLN1), a rare autosomal recessive disorder, is caused by mutations of the argininosuccinate synthetase (ASS) gene, localized on chromosome 9q34.1. ASS functions as a rate-limiting enzyme in the urea cycle. Previously, we identified 32 mutations in the ASS gene of CTLN1 patients mainly in Japan and the United States, and to date 34 different mutations have been described in 50 families worldwide. In the present study, we report ASS mutations detected in 35 additional CTLN1 families from 11 countries. By analyzing the entire coding sequence and the intron-exon boundaries of the ASS gene using RT-PCR and/or genomic DNA-PCR, we have identified 16 novel mutations (two different 1-bp deletions, a 67-bp insertion, and 13 missense) and have detected 12 known mutations. Altogether, 50 different mutations (seven deletion, three splice site, one duplication, two nonsense, and 37 missense) in 85 CTLN1 families were identified. On the basis of primary sequence comparisons with the crystal structure of E. coli ASS protein, it may be concluded that any of the 37 missense mutations found at 30 different positions led to structural and functional impairments of the human ASS protein. It has been found that three mutations are particularly frequent: IVS6-2A>G in 23 families (Japan: 20 and Korea: three), G390R in 18 families (Turkey: six, U.S.: five, Spain: three, Israel: one, Austria: one, Canada: one, and Bolivia: one), and R304W in 10 families (Japan: nine and Turkey: one). Most mutations of the ASS gene are "private" and are distributed throughout the gene, except for exons 5 and 12-14. It seems that the clinical course of the patients with truncated mutations or the G390R mutation is early-onset/severe. The phenotype of the patients with certain missense mutations (G362V or W179R) is more late-onset/mild. Eight patients with R86H, A118T, R265H, or K310R mutations were adult/late-onset and four of them showed severe symptoms during pregnancy or postpartum. However, it is still difficult to prove the genotype-phenotype correlation, because many patients were compound heterozygotes (with two different mutations), lived in different environments at the time of diagnosis, and/or had several treatment regimes or various knowledge of the disease.     

Electron Microscopic Studies on IgA Nephropathy

We carried out electron microscopic studies on renal tissues from 9 patients with IgA nephropathy. Electron dense deposits were present in the mesangial area in all cases, subendothelial deposits in 4, and subepithelial deposits in only one. In basement membrane, segmental swelling and rarefaction of basement membrane substance were observed. In some cases the degenerated basement membrane substance protruded through the dilated endothelial fenestration into capillary lumina. Focal splitting, attenuation, mouse eaten appearance, and herniation of basement membrane were seen in a high incidence. Mesangial cells possessed well developed rough endoplasmic reticulums and polysomes. In the peripheral areas of mesangial cell cytoplasm, there was accumulation of electron dense substance and this was occasionally continuously present in the mesangial matrix. There was segmental swelling of endothelial cell cytoplasm, resulting in loss of fenestration. Epithelial cells had well developed rough endoplasmic reticulums and polysomes. Segmental foot process fusion was seen, and these processes, regardless of fusion, became electron denser in the area close to the basement membrane. Multivesiculated bodies were present in all cases in the epithelial cells and in 7 cases in the endothelial cells. Spherical microparticles were present in 3 cases in the urinary space or between the basement membrane and the epithelial cells.     

Lipopolysaccharide Induces CD25-Positive, IL-10-Producing Lymphocytes Without Secretion of Proinflammatory Cytokines in the Human Colon: Low MD-2 mRNA Expression in Colonic Macrophages

Despite the huge number of colonized Gram-negative bacteria in the colon, the normal colon maintains its homeostasis without any excessive immune response. To investigate the potential mechanisms involved, human colonic lamina propria mononuclear cells (LPMCs) obtained from uninflamed mucosa were cultured with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) prepared from Bacteroides vulgatus (BV-LPS) or Bacteroides fragilis (BF-LPS), as representatives of indigenous flora, or pathogenic Salmonella minnesota (SM-LPS). Colonic LPMCs failed to produce inflammatory cytokines in response to any type of LPS. Colonic macrophages barely expressed mRNA for MD-2, an essential association molecule for LPS signaling via Toll-like receptor 4. Further, BV-LPS induced CD25 and Foxp3 expression in lymphocytes and CD4(+)CD25(+) cells expressed IL-10 mRNA. Thus, the low expression of functioning LPS receptor molecules and induction of IL-10-producing CD4(+)CD25(+) lymphocytes by indigenous LPS may play a central role in the maintenance of colonic immunological homeostasis.     

Early reinfection with human metapneumovirus in an infant

Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is one of the major pathogens of respiratory illness. Reinfection with hMPV occurs frequently throughout life. We describe an infant who was infected with two different hMPV strains during a period of only 1 month.     

Laparoscopic salpingotomy for tubal pregnancy: comparison of linear salpingotomy with and without suturing

BACKGROUND: The study was carried out to clarify the incidence of post-operative tubal adhesions, patency rate and pregnancy outcome after laparoscopic salpingotomy with and without suturing for tubal pregnancy. METHODS: From May 1996 to December 2002, a total of 97 cases of tubal pregnancy were treated in our centre by laparoscopic conservative surgery. The successful salpingotomy cases were randomly assigned to undergo salpingotomy without suturing (group I; n = 43) or with suturing (group II; n = 32). We compared these patients and assessed their surgical and pregnancy outcome by second look laparoscopy (SLL) 3 months after the first operation. RESULTS: Seventy-five cases (77%) were treated successfully by salpingotomy at initial laparoscopic surgery, and the remaining 22 cases were unsuccessful because of bleeding or complete tubal damage. Pelvic findings were assessed at SLL in 21 of 43 cases (49%) in group I and 17 of 32 (53%) in group II. There were no significant differences in gestational age, ectopic site, tubal diameter, tubal condition, intraperitoneal haemorrhage and pre-operative HCG levels between the two groups. Only the operation time was longer in group II than in group I (91 +/- 15 versus 69 +/- 15 min, P < 0.05). The tubal patency rate of the treated side was 90% (19/21) in group I and 94% (16/17) in group II. Also the peritubal adhesions were observed in 33% (7/21) in group I and 29% (5/17) in group II, and were mostly comprised of filmy adhesions. A tubal fistula occurred in two cases in each group. Pregnancy rate was 79% (15/19) in group I and 92% (12/13) in group II, and this did not reveal any significant difference of cumulative pregnancy rate between the groups. CONCLUSION: We recommend laparoscopic linear salpingotomy as a useful method in the management of cases with tubal pregnancy who desire future pregnancy. This preliminary study emphasizes that the procedure involving suturing has no additional benefit over the non-suturing technique during salpingotomy.     

Study on effects of life review activities on the quality of life of the elderly: a randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to evaluate the mid-term efficacy of life review activities on the quality of life (QOL) of the elderly by conducting a randomized controlled trial, and to identify the factors that should be taken into consideration when conducting life review activities. METHODS: Written consent was obtained from 80 of the 97 eligible elderly persons. After randomly assigning them to two groups, an intervention group and a control group, group life review activities were conducted in the intervention group and discussion activities about health were conducted in the control group. In both the intervention group and the control group, life satisfaction, self-esteem, depression, and hopelessness were evaluated using self-rating scales at three points: at baseline, immediately after completion of the 8 weeks of sessions, and 3 months after completion of the intervention. RESULTS: Repeated measures analysis of covariance showed significant differences between the two groups in the changes in scores for depression (p = 0.04) and hopelessness (p = 0.04). Regarding the factors that were associated with depression and hopelessness, 3 months after completion of the intervention, depression and hopelessness of a more severe nature at baseline and having greater unresolved conflicts in the past were extracted by multiple regression analysis. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggested that group life review activities have a role in assisting the developmental stage of old age and supporting mental health, and have mid- to long-term effectiveness in maintaining and improving the QOL of the elderly.