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51.
Burkhard Schaffrin 《Tectonophysics》1986,130(1-4):361-367
The estimation of crustal deformations of the Earth from repeated baseline measurements is a singular problem in the absence of prior information. It could be solved by well-known techniques of g-inverse algebra within the framework of a Singular Gauss-Markov Model leading e.g., to BLIMBE (Best Linear Minimum Bias Estimator) or MINOLESS (Minimum NOrm LEast Squares Solution). However, these solutions may not be physically meaningful in view of some independently derived geophysical results. But after introducing these geophysical findings as a-priori information into the linear model, the problem will no longer be singular and can be solved by means of “Improved Linear Estimation” as well as of “Best Linear Prediction”, depending on the way the original model has been expanded. Several alternative estimators and/or predictors are compared with respect to their characterizing properties (homogeneous linear, inhomogeneous linear, biased, unbiased, minimum mean square error, minimum variance, etc.), and the respective gains in efficiency are given. 相似文献
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An experimental study of H2O exsolution, bubble growth and microlite crystallisation during ascent (decompression) of silicic magmas in the volcanic conduit is presented. Isobaric and decompression experiments were performed on a rhyolitic melt at 860 °C, NNO+1, H2O saturation, and pressures between 15 and 170 MPa. Two sets of decompression experiments were performed, with decompression rates varying between 0.001 and 960 MPa/min: (1) from 150 to 50 MPa (high-pressure decompression), and (2) from 50 to 15 MPa (low-pressure decompression). The experiments highlight incomplete H2O exsolution for decompression rates>100 MPa/min, incomplete bubble growth for decompression rates>0.1 MPa/min, crystal nucleation time lags, and incomplete chemical re-equilibration to final pressures. The observed crystallisation process, i.e. growth versus nucleation, depends on the decompression range. Indeed, decompression-induced crystallisation during high-pressure decompressions is dominated by growth of existing crystals, whereas during low-pressure decompressions crystal nucleation is the dominating process. This study provides a means to infer magma ascent rates in eruptions of silicic magmas through a combined petrologic and experimental approach. 相似文献
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Fuchs Elmar C. Oudakker Gerrit Justinek Martin Dyer Nigel Woisetschläger Jakob Godines Kevin Mäder Matthias Freund Friedemann T. 《Earth, Moon, and Planets》2019,123(1-2):15-43
Earth, Moon, and Planets - During four solar eclipse events (two annular, one total and one partial) a correlation was observed between a change in water surface tension and the magnitude of the... 相似文献
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Dorothee J. Burkhard 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2003,65(2-3):136-143
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Caritg Séverine Burkhard Martin Ducommun Romain Helg Urs Kopp Lionel Sue Christian 《地学学报》2004,16(1):27-37
We document two phases of folding within the central part of the Late Palaeozoic Anti‐Atlas chain of Morocco. A first generation of SW–NE folds involve a horizontal shortening of 10–20%, accommodated by polyharmonic buckle folding of contrasting wavelengths in Ordovician Jbel Bani quartzites and Devonian Jbel Rich carbonates. A second generation of folds with similar style and wavelengths in an E–W direction lead to complex interference patterns. Dome and basins are developed within the Jbel Rich and within Lower Cambrian dolomites. Both folding phases are related to thick‐skinned uplift of Precambrian basement in a Laramide style. In contrast to the typical Rocky Mountain foreland style, however, cover deformation in the Anti‐Atlas is mostly decoupled from the undying basement along thick incompetent horizons such as the Lower Cambrian Lie‐de‐Vin and Silurian shales. 相似文献
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