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31.
H. Hein 《Rheologica Acta》1958,1(2-3):286-289
Zusammenfassung Für den Durchfluß der Seifen durch Rohre wird Blockfließen gefunden, wobei der Axial- und der Radialdruck einander proportional sind. Im Bereich kleiner Normaldrucke ist der Zusammenhang zwischen der Gleitgeschwindigkeit an der Wand und der Wandschubspannung abhängig von der in einer dünnen Gleitschicht erfolgenden Temperaturerhöhung mit einer damit verbundenen Herabsetzung des Gleitwiderstandes. Die Dicke der Schicht konnte berechnet werden. Für höhere Normaldrucke zeigen sich beim Rohrdurchfluß Anomalien in der Form, daß mit kleiner werdender Blendenöffnung, d. h. mit steigendem Anpreßdruck, der Durchflußwiderstand geringer wird. Die Ursache ist die nach Überschreiten des Quellungsdruckes bedingte Ausscheidung der flüssigen Phase aus der Seife, was zur Bildung eines Schmierfilmes mit anderen Reibungseigenschaften führt. Trotzdem konnte ein allgemeines Durchflußwiderstandsgesetz angegeben werden.Eine Formel, die es gestattet, für plastische Stoffe den an einer Blende zu erwartenden Druckverlust im voraus zu berechnen, wurde für Seife ebenfalls bestätigt. 相似文献
32.
The vibration method represents a practical method for the measurement of adhesion forces and adhesion force distributions. This method causes sinusoidally altemating stresses and yields detachment and contact forces between particles and substrate of the same order of magnitude. Alternating contact forces of the vibration method can cause an adhesion force intensification through flattening of asperities. The measuring principle of the vibration method and the analysis of experimental results are described in the article. Normal adhesion forces (pull-off forces) are measured using the vibration method and the colloidal probe technique. The results of both methods show good agreement for small particle sizes. The influence of the detachment force direction is shown by comparing tangential and normal adhesion forces measured using particle reentrainment in a turbulent air flow and the vibration method, respectively. The surface roughness of the substrate and the relative humidity are shown to significantly influence the measured adhesion forces. For the calculation of the adhesion forces, an approach by Rabinovich was combined with approximations of plastic micro asperity flattening. The Rabinovich approach accounts for roughness effects on the van der Waals force by incorporating the rms roughness of the interacting surfaces. rms-values of the particles and substrates were measured with atomic force microscopy at different scanning areas. 相似文献
33.
The complexation behavior of Aldrich humic acid (AHA) and a modified humic acid (AHA-PB) with blocked phenolic hydroxyl groups for trivalent lanthanides (Ln) is compared, and their influence on the mobility of Ln(III) in an aquifer is analyzed. As speciation technique, capillary electrophoresis (CE) was hyphenated with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). For metal loading experiments 25 mg L−1 of AHA and different concentrations (cLn(Eu+Gd) = 100–6000 μg L−1) of Eu(III) and Gd(III) in 10 mM NaClO4 at pH 5 were applied. By CE-ICP-MS, three Ln-fractions, assumed to be uncomplexed, weakly and strongly AHA-complexed metal can be detected. For the used Ln/AHA-ratios conservative complex stability constants log βLnAHA decrease from 6.33 (100 μg L−1 Ln3+) to 4.31 (6000 μg L−1 Ln3+) with growing Ln-content. In order to verify the postulated weaker and stronger humic acid binding sites for trivalent Eu and Gd, a modified AHA with blocked functional groups was used. For these experiments 500 μg L−1 Eu and 25 mg L−1 AHA and AHA-PB in 10 mM NaClO4 at pH-values ranging from 3 to 10 have been applied. With AHA-PB, where 84% of the phenolic OH-groups and 40% of the COOH-groups were blocked, Eu complexation was significantly lower, especially at the strong binding sites. The log β-values decrease from 6.11 (pH 10) to 5.61 at pH 3 (AHA) and for AHA-PB from 6.01 (pH 7) to 3.94 at pH 3. As a potential consequence, particularly humic acids with a high amount of strong binding sites (e.g. phenolic OH- and COOH-groups) can be responsible for a higher metal mobility in the aquifer due to the formation of dissolved negatively charged metal-humate species. 相似文献
34.
Rahn T Bendrath F Hein M Baumann W Jiao H Börner A Villinger A Langer P 《Organic & biomolecular chemistry》2011,9(14):5172-5184
Bis-cyclopropanated 1,3,5-tricarbonyl compounds were prepared by a sequence of Claisen condensations and cyclopropanations. The optimization of the conditions proved to be very important to suppress retro-Claisen reactions. The conformation of these molecules was studied by experimental and computational methods. The syn/syn;syn/syn conformation is present for all derivatives. It is exclusively present in the case of the derivative containing a phenyl group located at the terminal carbon atom. In most cases, equilibria with other conformers are found. 相似文献
35.
Hein JE Burés J Lam YH Hughes M Houk KN Armstrong A Blackmond DG 《Organic letters》2011,13(20):5644-5647
Experimental and computational studies probing the nature of intermediates in the α-amination of aldehydes catalyzed by prolinate salts support an enamine carboxylate intermediate in the stereodetermining step. 相似文献
36.
Within a kinetic theory for QCD plasmas we study the color response function near thermodynamic equilibrium. Its poles yield a longitudinal and a transverse collective mode, both starting at the plasma frequency. Due to the gluon contribution there is no Landau damping for these modes, and creation of gluon or q- pairs is the dominant damping mechanism. In an electron plasma the generally quoted Landau damping near threshold is shown to be an artifact of the non-relativistic approximation. 相似文献
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39.
The diorganotin(IV) and triorganotin(IV) derivatives R2SnA (R = Me, n-Pr, n-Bu, n-Oct) and (R3Sn)2A [R = Me, Ph, cyclohexyl (Cyh); A = an anion of diphenic acid] have been prepared and characterized by elemental analysis, IR, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopies. Tetrahedral tin forms a part of a diphenate cyclic ring in the diorganotin complexes with unidentate carboxylates, which have further been used for the synthesis of cyclic acid anhydrides. The soluble dinuclear triorganotin complexes (Me, Ph) possess symmetrically bonded carboxylates while the less soluble compound (Cyh3Sn)2A has two asymmetrically bonded carboxylates. All have a trigonal bipyramidal structure with R3Sn units remote from each other. 相似文献
40.
M.S. Hundal 《Journal of sound and vibration》1977,52(1):148-150