GIS-based applications of sensitivity analysis for sewer models

Sensitivity analysis (SA) evaluates the impact of changes in model parameters on model predictions. Such an analysis is commonly used when developing or applying environmental models to improve the understanding of underlying system behaviours and the impact and interactions of model parameters. The novelty of this paper is a geo-referenced visualization of sensitivity indices for model parameters in a combined sewer model using geographic information system (GIS) software. The result is a collection of maps for each analysis, where sensitivity indices (calculated for model parameters of interest) are illustrated according to a predefined symbology. In this paper, four types of maps (an uncertainty map, calibration map, vulnerability map, and design map) are created for an example case study. This article highlights the advantages and limitations of GIS-based SA of sewer models. The conclusion shows that for all analyzed applications, GIS-based SA is useful for analyzing, discussing and interpreting the model parameter sensitivity and its spatial dimension. The method can lead to a comprehensive view of the sewer system.     

Comparison of the sensitivities of fish, Microtox and Daphnia-magna bioassays to amoxycillin in anaerobic/aerobic sequential reactor systems

In this study the anaerobic treatability of amoxycillin (AMX) was investigated in a laboratory-scale anaerobic multi-chamber bed reactor (AMCBR)/aerobic continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR) system. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) and AMX removal efficiencies were around 94% in the AMCBR reactor at hydraulic retention times (HRTs) between 2.25 and 5.5 days. Decreasing the HRT appeared not to have a significant effect on the performance of the AMCBR up to a HRT of 1.13 days. The maximum methane production rate and methane percentage were around 1,100-1,200 mL/day and 55%, respectively, at HRTs between 2.25 and 5.5 days. The decrease in HRT to 1.5 days decreased slightly the gas productions (1,000 mL/day and 500 mL for total and methane gases) and methane percentage (45%). The AMCBR recovered back to its baseline performance within a couple of days. The acute toxicity of 150 mg/L AMX was monitored with Daphnia magna, Lepistes sp., and Vibrio fischeri acute toxicity tests. The acute toxicity removals were 98, 96 and 96% for V. fischeri, D. magna and Lepistes sp. in the effluent of the sequential system treating 150 mg/L AMX at HRTs of 2.25-5.5 days. Among the trophic organisms used in the acute toxicity tests the most sensitive organism was found to be bacteria (V. fischeri) while the most resistant organism was found to be fish (Lepistes sp.).     

Study on the removal efficiency of UF membranes using bacteriophages in bench-scale and semi-technical scale

To determine the removal efficiency of ultrafiltration (UF) membranes for nano-particles in the size range of viruses the state of the art uses challenge tests with virus-spiked water. This work focuses on bench-scale and semi-technical scale experiments. Different experimental parameters influencing the removal efficiency of the tested UF membrane modules were analyzed and evaluated for bench- and semi-technical scale experiments. Organic matter in the water matrix highly influenced the removal of the tested bacteriophages MS2 and phiX174. Less membrane fouling (low ΔTMP) led to a reduced phage reduction. Increased flux positively affected phage removal in natural waters. The tested bacteriophages MS2 and phiX174 revealed different removal properties. MS2, which is widely used as a model organism to determine virus removal efficiencies of membranes, mostly showed a better removal than phiX174 for the natural water qualities tested. It seems that MS2 is possibly a less conservative surrogate for human enteric virus removal than phiX174. In bench-scale experiments log removal values (LRV) for MS2 of 2.5-6.0 and of 2.5-4.5 for phiX174 were obtained for the examined range of parameters. Phage removal obtained with differently fabricated semi-technical modules was quite variable for comparable parameter settings, indicating that module fabrication can lead to differing results. Potting temperature and module size were identified as influencing factors. In conclusion, careful attention has to be paid to the choice of experimental settings and module potting when using bench-scale or semi-technical scale experiments for UF membrane challenge tests.     

Influence of photoperiod on carbon dioxide and methane emissions from two pilot-scale stabilization ponds

Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (CO(2), CH(4)) from pilot-scale algal and duckweed-based ponds (ABP and DBP) were measured using the static chamber methodology. Daylight and nocturnal variations of GHG and wastewater characteristics (e.g. chemical oxygen demand (COD), pH) were determined via sampling campaigns during midday (12:30-15:30) and midnight (00:30-03:30) periods. The results showed that under daylight conditions in ABP median emissions were -232 mg CO(2) m(-2) d(-1) and 9.9 mg CH(4) m(-2) d(-1), and in DBP median emissions were -1,654.5 mg CO(2) m(-2) d(-1) and 71.4 mg CH(4) m(-2) d(-1), respectively. During nocturnal conditions ABP median emissions were 3,949.9 mg CO(2) m(-2) d(-1), 12.7 mg CH(4) m(-2) d(-1), and DBP median emissions were 5,116 mg CO(2) m(-2) d(-1), 195.2 mg CH(4) m(-2) d(-1), respectively. Once data measured during daylight were averaged together with nocturnal data the median emissions for ABP were 1,566.8 mg CO(2) m(-2) d(-1) and 72.1 mg CH(4) m(-2) d(-1), whilst for DBP they were 3,016.9 mg CO(2) m(-2) d(-) and 178.9 mg CH(4) m(-2) d(-1), respectively. These figures suggest that there were significant differences between CO(2) emissions measured during daylight and nocturnal periods (p < 0.05). This shows a sink-like behaviour for both ABP and DBP in the presence of solar light, which indicates the influence of photosynthesis in CO(2) emissions. On the other hand, the fluxes of CH(4) indicated that DBP and ABP behave as net sources of CH(4) during day and night, although higher emissions were observed from DBP. Overall, according to the compound average (daylight and nocturnal emissions) both ABP and DBP systems might be considered as net sources of GHG.     

工业锅炉能效测试中的误差分析与控制

能效测试结果的准确无误,不仅为测试机构评价锅炉能效状况提供依据,也为企业改进产品提供宝贵意见。快速、准确地进行能效测试是测试机构的关注点。本文主要对能效测试中的误差来源进行了分析,以便有效地提高测试精度。     

时间的痕迹 萧邦L.U.CEUM博物馆

<正>去萧邦L.U.CEUM博物馆的游客就像踏上一段跟随时间痕迹的旅程该博物馆于2006年9月开业,该时间正好与位于弗勒里耶的萧邦公司10周年庆在同一天这家现代化的博物馆,富有想象力地展示了制表师处于欧洲不同时代、不同地区的艺术杰作,包括萧邦的LUC系列腕表一个展示历史杰作的博物馆Karl-Friedrich Scheufele通过制作原厂L.U.C标志机心延续了Louis-Ulysse Chopard的传统。但是这位萧邦的联合总裁也是一位经验丰富的钟表艺术杰作收藏家。他将L.U.CEUM博物馆赋予时间计量的主题,这样,便可以把新与旧很好     

基于声辐射模态的声场重建中的测点优化方法

少测点条件下,利用声辐射模态理论重建声场时,测点布置方式是决定声场重建精度的一个关键因素。为求得最佳测点布置方式,提出了一种基于声辐射模态的最优测点选择方法,即基于声辐射模态矩阵的奇异值分解,采用循环迭代的方式,逐次去除对其最小奇异值最敏感的测点,从而得到了一组使重建方程条件数最小的测点。实验结果表明,利用文中提出的最优测点选择方法布置测点,能够对声场进行有效的重建,重建效果优于均匀布置方式,显著提高了声场重建精度。     

“美无非是一个关于幸福的承诺”——RCR建筑事务所的贡献

<正>("美无非是一个关于幸福的承诺"——司汤达,《论爱情》,第17章,1822年)对于建筑界的大奖——普利茨克奖在2017年花落RCR建筑事务所的消息,世界各地的出版物不约而同地评论:实乃意外。此前,媒体大多预测着一个闪亮的大师名号摘得荣耀,却只获知了一个干巴巴的首字母缩略词——RCR——一个低调的加泰罗尼亚建筑事务所。该事务所由三名建筑师所组成:拉法尔·阿兰达(Rafael Aranda).     

朴素的诗意

正最近热映的纪录片《四个春天》,导演记录了四年间自己一家人春节前后的日常生活情景。剧中最让人倾羡是爸爸和妈妈的感情以及他们朴素又充满乐趣的生活。生活在贵州一个小城的爸爸妈妈,虽已年迈,但依然会自己动手熏腊肠、上山采蕨菜、相互理发,二人相互陪伴,互相依偎;同时爸爸妈妈的身上还有着浓浓的艺术气息,爸爸会演奏多种乐器,妈妈也会随时高歌一曲、扭动华尔兹舞步,他们的生活平实质朴,却充满着欢乐。整部影片以爸爸妈妈为主角展现了一     

国际熔炉:展中展的民族性

正伦敦设计节期间,英国设计往往独占鳌头。但位于城东区的伦敦设计展会(London Design Fair,前名为Tent London)却打着国际性的阵容展示出更多元的设计:来自36个国家的550个独立和资深品牌,在东伦敦的老杜鲁门啤酒厂的三层楼旧啤酒工厂空间内进行了一次暗中较劲。瑞典、意大利、西班牙、阿联酋、芬兰都来势汹汹,其中虽然有不错的创意,但反而让韩国的"首尔设计节"展区略显优势。