Nitrogen Fertilizer Management Practices to Reduce N<Subscript>2</Subscript>O Emissions from Irrigated Processing Potato in Manitoba

Nitrogen fertilizer practices affect nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from agricultural soils. The “4R” nutrient stewardship framework of using N fertilizer at the right rate, right source, right placement and right time can reduce N₂O emissions while maintaining or improving yield of field crops, but understanding of how the various factors affect N₂O emissions from irrigated processing potato is lacking. We examined the effects of selected 4R practices on emissions, using results from two irrigated processing potato studies each conducted in 2011 and 2012 in Manitoba, Canada. Experiment 1 examined combinations of source (urea, ESN), placement (pre-plant incorporation [PPI], banding), and rate (100 and 200 kg N ha^-1) on a clay loam soil. Experiment 2 examined timing and source treatment combinations (urea PPI, ESN PPI, urea split, urea split/fertigation) on a loamy fine sandy soil. For Experiment 1, use of ESN at 200 kg ha^-1 did not reduce area-, yield- and applied fertilizer N- based N₂O emissions compared to urea at 200 kg ha^-1, irrespective of placement. Emissions from pre-plant banding ESN at 200 kg ha^?1, however, were 32% lower than from PPI ESN. For Experiment 2, compared to single pre-plant urea application, fertigation simulated by in-season application of urea ammonium nitrate (UAN) gave lower area-, yield- and applied fertilizer N- based emissions. Split urea ( \( \raisebox{1ex}{$2$}\!\left/ \!\raisebox{-1ex}{$3$}\right. \) pre-plant, \( \raisebox{1ex}{$1$}\!\left/ \!\raisebox{-1ex}{$3$}\right. \) hilling) also reduced area- and yield- based N₂O emissions compared to single pre-plant urea application. Emissions were generally lower at the site with loamy fine sandy soil than the site with clay loam soil. These results demonstrate that combinations of “4R” practices rather than source alone are best to achieve reductions in N₂O emissions from irrigated potato production.     

川芎嗪药理作用研究进展

通过查阅近年来的有关文献,总结了川芎嗪在心血管等方面的药理学研究进展和相关作用机制,并对川芎嗪今后的研究方向进行了展望。     

基于3D碳纳米材料固载AChE应用于毒死蜱的检测

为寻找快速、可靠的农药残留检测新方法,利用氧化石墨烯(GO)良好的水溶性分散碳纳米管(CNTs),一维(1D)的CNTs和二维(2D)的GO形成一种3D新型碳纳米复合材料,该复合材料具有疏松多孔的结构,能够有效地增大电极的比表面积。用该材料修饰玻碳电极,并固载乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)制备灵敏度较高、线性范围较宽的有机磷农药生物传感器。采用循环伏安法(CV)研究传感器的电化学性质。利用有机磷农药对AChE的抑制作用,以氯化乙酰胆碱为底物,对毒死蜱进行了检测。结果表明:生物传感器在最优条件下,0.71~71.13μmol/L范围内具有良好的线性关系,最低检出限为0.23μmol/L,且传感器的灵敏度、稳定性及重现性较好,适用于毒死蜱的残留跟踪检测。     

孢囊线虫中国新纪录种—朝鲜孢囊线虫（Heterodera koreana）

 孢囊线虫属（Heterodera）线虫目前大约有80种,该线虫分布广泛,是对农作物危害最严重的植物病原线虫之一［1］,对我国的农业生产和粮食安全造成极大的威胁。如,寄生大豆的大豆孢囊线虫（H. glycines）,寄生小麦的禾谷孢囊线虫（H. avenae, H. filipjevi）［1,2］及湖南省水稻上新发现的日本孢囊线虫（H. elachista）［3］。为明确孢囊线虫在中国南方地区的种类及分布,2007~2011年结合形态学和分子生物学技术开展了孢囊线虫调查鉴定,在江西省发现朝鲜孢囊线虫（H. koreana）。该线虫为首次在中国发现。     

加工番茄果秧分离参数优化及验证

为满足自走式番茄收获机国产化研究不断推进的需要,采用CCD(central composite design)设计与响应曲面分析(response surface methodology,RSM)对果秧分离性能作优化研究。以收获生产率、摇摆器转速、输料链速度为自变量,果秧分离性能(果秧分离率和果实破损率)为响应指标,建立了二者间的多元数学回归模型,探究了因素间的影响规律及最佳水平组合。通过Design Expert 9.0软件对试验参数进行优化,确定了在满足果秧分离率、果实破损率符合番茄收获机作业质量标准(NYT1824-2009)条件下的最优分离参数组合。结果表明:果秧分离率影响因素显著程度顺序为:摇摆器转速收获生产率输料链速;果实破损率影响因素显著程度顺序为:摇摆器转速输料链速收获生产率;最优参数组合为收获生产率34.2t/h、摇摆器转速为409.3r/min、输料链速为0.71m/s;对应的果秧分离率、果实破损率预测值分别为96.27%、2.12%。经验证,应用响应曲面分析法所得到的果秧分离参数是可行的,该研究可为加工番茄果秧振动分离技术的进一步研究提供理论基础和科学依据,亦可为果品振动收获技术参数的优化提供参考。     

作业次序对深松旋耕联合作业机作业质量及功耗的影响

该文选用华北平原壤土区常用的深松旋耕联合作业机作为试验设备,分析深松、旋耕作业次序对其作业质量及功耗的影响。运用离散元仿真分析结果表明,旋耕深松作业次序比深松旋耕作业次序的工作紧凑、刀辊受力均匀。随着作业深度的增加,深松旋耕作业次序作用的深层土壤较多。建立以旋耕深度、深松深度为因素,以2种作业次序功耗为指标的回归方程综合分析得出,作业深度较浅时,深松旋耕作业次序功耗、地表平整度、植被覆盖率优于旋耕深松作业次序;作业深度较大时,旋耕深松作业次序功耗明显小于深松旋耕作业次序,且两者作业质量差异不显著。田间试验表明,离散元仿真建立的2种作业次序作业深度与作业功耗的回归方程及测量的地表平整度、土壤膨松度及植被埋覆率基本能真实反映田间作业情况。     

A motorized grinder for making soil thin sections

A small hand-held device is described which enables an operator to grind soil thin sections very rapidly as compared to conventional hand grinding. The apparatus is relatively inexpensive and easy to construct as it comprises only a simple motorized grinder and grit impregnated discs 2.5 cm in diameter.     

农杆菌介导法获得匍匐翦股颖转GO基因植株

以匍匐翦股颖2个品种Pent A-4和L-93的成熟种子为外植体材料,附加2,4-D 4.0 mg/L和KT 0.05 mg/L的稍作修改的MS培养基为愈伤组织诱导和继代培养基.琼脂条的用量为16 g/L时,50%以上的愈伤组织呈浅黄色或白色、干燥、颗粒状结构.颗粒状愈伤组织经过连续3次继代培养后,其绿苗分化率保持在60%以上.以颗粒状胚性愈伤组织为受体材料,用农杆菌介导法将含有葡萄糖氧化酶(GO)基因和新霉素磷酸转移酶基因(NPT II)的重组质粒导入匍匐翦股颖.愈伤组织经农杆菌LBA4404/pBGO感染和共培养后,在附加G-418 60 mg/L的愈伤组织继代培养基上选择到具有卡那霉素抗性的愈伤组织.抗性愈伤组织分化的绿苗在附加G-418 30 mg/L的绿苗分化培养基上进行筛选,获得了抗性再生植株.试管植株的叶片经淀粉-碘化钾显色反应,检测到转GO基因植株产生的过氧化氢.PCR分子检测结果证明,GO基因已整合到转化植株的基因组中.抗病性鉴定结果显示,转GO基因植株抗水稻纹枯病.     

Evaluating the risk of tick‐borne relapsing fever among occupational cavers—Austin,TX, 2017

Tick‐borne relapsing fever (TBRF) is a potentially serious spirochetal infection caused by certain species of Borrelia and acquired through the bite of Ornithodoros ticks. In 2017, Austin Public Health, Austin, TX, identified five cases of febrile illness among employees who worked in caves. A cross‐sectional serosurvey and interview were conducted for 44 employees at eight organizations that conduct cave‐related work. Antibodies against TBRF‐causing Borrelia were detected in the serum of five participants, four of whom reported recent illness. Seropositive employees entered significantly more caves (Median 25 [SD: 15] versus Median 4 [SD: 16], p = 0.04) than seronegative employees. Six caves were entered more frequently by seropositive employees posing a potentially high risk. Several of these caves were in public use areas and were opened for tours. Education of area healthcare providers about TBRF and prevention recommendations for cavers and the public are advised.     

肠道损伤对草鱼胆固醇代谢通路基因表达的影响

[目的]有研究显示草鱼肠道健康与胆固醇代谢具有较为紧密的关系,本研究探讨草鱼肠道损伤对胆固醇合成代谢通路基因表达的影响.[方法]以池塘养殖条件下的草鱼为研究对象,在对肠道损伤进行外观形态、组织切片和血清指标评估的基础上,测定了草鱼血清中的甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)、总胆汁酸(TBA)和总胆固醇(TC)含量,采用荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)方法,定量检测肠道和肝胰脏组织的胆固醇、胆汁酸生物合成酶和调节控制酶的基因表达水平的变化.[结果]肠道损伤的草鱼血清HDL、LDL、TC和TBA的含量显著下降(P<0.05),肝胰脏和肠道组织的胆固醇、胆汁酸合成酶相关基因表达水平极显著上调(P＜0.01),与此同时,负调控胆汁酸合成的法尼醇X受体FXR和调控胆固醇逆转运途经的血浆胆固醇酯转移蛋白CETP基因表达水平极显著下调(P＜0.01).[结论]草鱼肠道损伤后,胆固醇、胆汁酸的重吸收可能遭到破坏,刺激了肝胰脏和肠道的胆固醇、胆汁酸生物合成强度,从而维持胆固醇在机体内的代谢平衡.