The impacts of cattle access points on deposited sediment levels in headwater streams in Ireland

Cattle access to streams has been linked globally with degradation of stream water quality, driven largely by bank erosion and resultant instream, fine sediment deposition. The majority of evidence on such effects is however based in arid and semiarid regions of the United States and Australia, with few studies relating to cool temperate climates such as Northwest Europe. In this study, “Quorer” resuspendable sediment samples were taken from riffle geomorphic units upstream (control) and at two points downstream (pressure and recovery) of cattle access points in headwater streams in agricultural catchments in Ireland to assess levels of deposited stream sediment. Samples were taken in April/May (2016) prior to the grazing season and in October (2016) at the end of the grazing season. Sites in good‐high ecological status catchments and less than good ecological status catchments were included in the study. Higher levels of sediment were found downstream of cattle access points in both good‐high status and less than good status catchments; however, the impacts of access points were spatially confined to, in most cases, the area immediately downstream of the point of access. There was a strong correlation between deposited sediment mass and organic matter (OM) mass, with levels of OM increasing linearly with deposited sediment mass. Levels of measured sediment were negatively correlated with riparian habitat health (measured using a qualitative habitat assessment). The results of this study highlight the need for measures to prevent cattle access to headwater streams where access points can be many in order to manage local habitat quality and downstream water quality issues.     

混凝土成层结构的流激振动特性

泄流激励引起水工建筑物振动的现象时有发生且形式多样,严重的还可能引起结构的破坏。对于混凝土成层结构而言,由振动引起破坏的案例不多,对其振动响应机制的研究也不够深入。以混凝土拱坝为例,通过数值计算及模型试验对比分析了整体与成层两种不同结构在相同泄流荷载作用下结构的振动响应,探讨了响应与结构自身的关系,并结合"拍"的概念,对混凝土成层结构振动响应特性与泄流荷载之间的关系进行了研究。结果表明,成层结构频率相近的前两阶振动是拍振形成的主要原因。此外,即使不满足拍振形成的条件,振动曲线同样可以表现为"拍"的形式,且振动量较受迫振动大幅增加,实质为"水力共振"现象。     

Characterizing physical habitat preferences and thermal refuge occupancy of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) at high river temperatures

Anthropogenic influences, including climate change, are increasing river temperatures in northern and temperate regions and threatening the thermal habitats of native salmonids. When river temperatures exceed the tolerance levels of brook trout and Atlantic salmon, individuals exhibit behavioural thermoregulation by seeking out cold‐water refugia – often created by tributaries and groundwater discharge. Thermal infrared (TIR) imagery was used to map cold‐water anomalies along a 53 km reach of the Cains River, New Brunswick. Trout and salmon parr did not use all identified thermal anomalies as refugia during higher river temperature periods (>21°C). Most small‐bodied trout (8–30 cm) were observed in 80% of the thermal anomalies sampled. Large‐bodied trout (>35 cm) required a more specific set of physical habitat conditions for suitable refugia, that is, 100% of observed large trout used 30% of the anomalies sampled and required water depths >65 cm within or adjacent to the anomaly. Densities of trout were significantly higher within anomalies compared with areas of ambient river temperature. Salmon parr were less aligned with thermal anomalies at the observed temperatures, that is, 59% were found in 65% of the sampled anomalies; and densities were not significantly different within/ outside anomalies. Salmon parr appeared to aggregate at 27°C, and after several events over 27°C variability in aggregation behaviour was observed – some fish aggregated at 25°C, others did not. We stipulate this is due to variances of thermal fatigue. Habitat suitability curves were developed for velocity, temperature, depth, substrate, and deep water availability to characterize conditions preferred by fish during high‐temperature events. These findings are useful for managers as our climate warms, and can potentially be used as a tool to help conserve and enhance thermal refugia for brook trout and Atlantic salmon in similar systems.     

电池管理系统故障自诊断的系统研究

电池的电流、电压及温度是判断电池是否稳定工作的重要指标,对电流、电压及温度采样的诊断,是对电池进行管理和维护的重要手段。有效管理和监控电池就成为电动汽车关键技术之一,电池管理系统（BMS）高效、安全、可靠地运行是电动汽车发展的关键,因此,对电池管理系统的故障进行在线诊断是一个必要措施。本文基于二汽东风混合动力公交车的电池管理系统,针对这3个方面,详细描述了故障成因以及判断方法。     

电力企业MIS建设的目标及其实现

分析了电力企业MIS建设的目标及其实现的难点;提出用面向对象方法开发的平台化和工具化的企业可管理的MIS的实现方法,认为这样的系统是实现电力企业MIS建设目标的关键之一。文中还描述了这类MIS的主要设计原则。     

Effect of lead oxide on the dielectric characteristics of heterogeneous Pb(Zr, Ti)O3 + PbO films obtained by a two-stage method

We have studied changes in the dielectric properties of thin lead zirconate titanate Pb(Zr,Ti)O₃ (PZT) films, obtained using a two-stage ex-situ technology, as dependent on the microstructure of a perovskite phase and the content of microinclusions of excess lead oxide. The presence of these microinclusions leads to either anomalously low or high values of dielectric permittivity and anomalous pyroelectric response.