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41.
Separation of sterol esters from wax esters in the lipids of vernix caseosa and adult human skin surface was accomplished
by column chromatography on MgO. The fatty acids of the sterol esters and wax esters of both samples were separated into saturates
and monoenes, and examined in detail by gas liquid chromatography (GLC). The saturated fatty acids of the wax esters of vernix
caseosa and of adult human skin surface were remarkably similar. They ranged in chain length from at least C11 to C30, six skeletal types being present: straight even, straight odd, iso, anteiso, other monomethyl branched and dimethyl branched.
A large number of patterns of monoenes were observed, each pattern consisting of desaturation of a specific chain at Δ6 or
Δ9 plus its extension or degradation products. The mole per cent of the total Δ6 and Δ9 patterns of wax ester fatty acid monoenes
of vernix caseosa were 87% and 12%, respectively, and 98% and 1%, respectively, for adult human skin surface lipid. The sterol
ester fatty acids of vernix caseosa were much different from those of adult human skin surface: vernix caseosa saturates were
largely branched and of lengths greater than C18, whereas the saturates of adult human surface lipid resembled the wax ester fatty acids. Of the vernix caseosa monoene patterns,
the mole per cent was 30% Δ6 and 70% Δ9, whereas of the adult human skin surface sterol ester fatty acids 89% were Δ6 and
11% Δ9. Chain extension was particularly pronounced in the sterol ester fatty acid monoenes of vernix caseosa amounting to
7–8 C2 units in some cases. The fatty acids of the sterol esters of both vernix caseosa and adult human skin surface appear to be
derived from the sebaceous gland and from the keratinizing epidermis, but those of the wax esters are from the sebaceous glands
only. 相似文献
42.
Mubashshir Ahmad Ansari 《Chemical engineering science》2007,62(23):6687-6695
Shape optimization of a staggered herringbone groove micromixer using three-dimensional Navier-Stokes analysis has been carried out. The analysis of the degree of mixing is performed by the calculation of spatial data statistics. The calculation of the variance of the mass fraction at various nodes on a plane in the channel is used to quantify mixing. A numerical optimization technique is applied to optimize the shape of the grooves on a single wall of the channel. Two design variables, namely, the ratio of the groove depth to channel height ratio and the angle of the groove, are selected for optimization. A mixing index is used as the objective function. The results of the optimization show that the mixing is very sensitive to the shape of the groove which can be used in controlling the mixing in microdevices. The mixing is affected by the depth of the groove much more than the angle of the groove. 相似文献
43.
Sara Cavaliere-Jaricot Arnaud Etcheberry Michel Herlem Henri Perez 《Electrochimica acta》2007,52(6):2285-2293
Platinum nanoparticles (n-Pt), over-grafted with 2-thiophenecarbonyl chloride are assembled on gold electrodes, by the Langmuir Blodgett (LB) technique using behenic acid (BHA) as promoting agent. These layers are electrochemically active without any preliminary activation. The [Fe(CN)6]3−/4− redox couple was used as electrochemical probe. This paper reports on the influence of the number of deposited LB layers, and the n-Pt density on the electrochemical response. n-Pt density was modified by the change of the “BHA/n-Pt” ratio. Cyclic voltammograms of “[Fe(CN)6]3−/4−” were observed whatever the coating conditions. As soon as the first layer was deposited the electrochemical response was associated to the n-Pt coverage, its response slightly increased up to a steady state for five or seven layers. As expected, the increase of the Pt density favored the increase of the current density. XPS analysis performed before and after electrochemical cycling showed that 4-mercaptoaniline capped platinum nanoparticles, and their over grafting were chemically and electrochemically stable. Analysis of influence of the number or the n-Pt density of the layers showed that the electrochemically active part of LB electrodes was provided by the last layer plus a part of the underlying one. 相似文献
44.
Bart Deronde Walter Debruyn Eric Gontier Erwin Goor Tim Jacobs Sara Verbeiren 《International journal of remote sensing》2014,35(7):2402-2420
Throughout the VEGETATION programme, the Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO) uninterruptedly hosted the prime user segment of both VEGETATION 1 and VEGETATION 2 multispectral instruments on board the Satellite Pour l’Observation de la Terre 4 (SPOT 4) and SPOT 5 satellites. Operational since the launch of SPOT 4 in March 1998, and foreseen to continue at least until the end of the SPOT 5 mission (anticipated in spring 2014), this user segment comprises a processing facility (PF), actively receiving, processing, correcting, archiving, and distributing the VEGETATION data and derived added-value products. First and foremost, the VEGETATION programme has been serving the needs of operational users – both institutional and commercial – requesting data in near-real time. However, scientific and educational users too benefited significantly, in particular from VEGETATION’s unique time series of the Earth’s land cover, and more specifically the vegetation cover. Over the years, the centralized archive houses processed data covering the equivalent of 11,000 times the Earth’s surface, and delivered more than 50 terapixels to around 10.000 users. As such, VEGETATION’s mission is a prime example of what Europe wants to achieve through the Global Monitoring for Environment and Security (GMES) initiative: truly operational services providing reliable and up-to-date information.This article describes the processing facility, the way the data and products are archived, the different dissemination channels as well as the data policy adopted and the users served. One of the recent evolutions, the development of an entirely new product distribution facility (PDF), implemented as part of the Project for On-Board Autonomy – Vegetation (PROBA-V) user segment is discussed. 相似文献
45.
Sara Filippi Hristo Yordanov Liliya Minkova Giovanni Polacco Marco Talarico 《大分子材料与工程》2004,289(6):512-523
Summary: The effectiveness of some thermoplastic elastomers grafted with maleic anhydride (MA) or with glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) as compatibilizer precursors (CPs) for blends of low density polyethylene (LDPE) with polyamide‐6 (PA) has been studied. The CPs were produced by grafting different amounts of MA or GMA onto a styrene‐block‐(ethylene‐co‐1‐butene)‐block‐styrene copolymer (SEBS) (KRATON G 1652), either in the melt or in solution. A commercially available SEBS‐g‐MA copolymer with 1.7 wt.‐% MA (KRATON FG 1901X) was also used. The effect of the MA concentration and of other characteristics of the SEBS‐g‐MA CPs was also studied. The specific interactions between the CPs and the blends components were investigated through characterizations of the binary LDPE/CP and PA/CP blends, in the whole composition range. It was demonstrated that the SEBS‐g‐GMA copolymers display poor compatibilizing effectiveness due to cross‐linking resulting from reactions of the epoxy rings of these CPs with both the amine and the carboxyl end groups of PA. On the contrary, the compatibilizing efficiency of the MA‐grafted elastomers, as revealed by the thermal properties and the morphology of the compatibilized blends, was shown to be excellent. The results of this study confirm that the anhydride functional groups possess considerably higher efficiency, for the reactive compatibilization of LDPE/PA blends, than those of the ethylene‐acrylic acid and ethylene‐glycidyl methacrylate copolymers investigated in previous works.
46.
A centrifugal sedimentation method (CSM) is proposed for the assessment of deformability of red blood cells. The method is based on the premise that a red blood cell (RBC) should deform in a centrifugal field due to the variation of the centrifugal acceleration with the distance from the center of rotation. This change in shape of the RBC leads to a change in the rate of sedimentation in the centrifugal field. The rate of sedimentation, which serves as a measure of deformability, is characterized by an apparent sedimentation coefficient (ASC) and its normalized value (NASC), which is calculated by comparison with a control group of normal RBCs. It has been shown that the NASC is sensitive to the speed of rotation, to treatments with glutaraldehyde, diamide, or chlorpromazine, to heat treatment and to osmotic pressure variations. 相似文献
47.
Chiara Damiani Dario Pescini Riccardo Colombo Sara Molinari Lilia Alberghina Marco Vanoni Giancarlo Mauri 《Natural computing》2014,13(3):321-331
Constraint-based modeling is largely used in computational studies of metabolism. We propose here a novel approach that aims to identify ensembles of flux distributions that comply with one or more target phenotype(s). The methodology has been tested on a small-scale model of yeast energy metabolism. The target phenotypes describe the differential pattern of ethanol production and O2 consumption observed in “Crabtree-positive” and “Crabtree-negative” yeasts in changing environment (i.e., when the upper limit of glucose uptake is varied). The ensembles were obtained either by selection among sampled flux distributions or by means of a search heuristic (genetic algorithm). The former approach provided indication about the probability to observe a given phenotype, but the resulting ensembles could not be unambiguously partitioned into “Crabtree-positive” and “Crabtree-negative” clusters. On the contrary well-separated clusters were obtained with the latter method. The cluster analysis further allowed identification of distinct groups within each target phenotype. The method may thus prove useful in characterizing the design principles underlying metabolic plasticity arising from evolving physio-pathological or developmental constraints. 相似文献
48.
Mari Paz Lorenzo Sara Goñi Ana Guerrero 《Journal of the American Ceramic Society》2002,85(12):3071-3075
The activation of the pozzolanic reaction of fly ash in portland cement paste immersed in sulfate solution has been studied. Mixtures of two Spanish fly ashes (ASTM class F) with 0%, 15%, and 35% replacement of portland cement by fly ash were immersed in Na2 SO4 solution, of 2880 ppm SO4 2− concentration, for a period of 90 days. The resistance of the different mixtures to the sulfate attack was evaluated using the Koch-Steinegger test. The results showed that all of the mixtures were sulfate resistant, despite the high Al2 O3 content of the fly ash. The diffusion of SO4 2− and Na+ ions through the pore solution activated the pozzolanic reactivity of the fly ashes, causing microstructural changes, which were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). As a result, the flexural strength of the mixtures increased, principally for the fly ash of a lower particle size and 35% of addition. 相似文献
49.
Dewi Tristantini Sara Lögdberg Börje Gevert Øyvind Borg Anders Holmen 《Fuel Processing Technology》2007
The Fischer–Tropsch synthesis over Co/γ-Al2O3 and Co–Re/γ-Al2O3 was investigated in a fixed-bed reactor at 20 bar and 483 K using feed gases with molar H2/CO ratios of 2.1, 1.5 and 1.0 simulating synthesis gas derived from biomass. With lower H2/CO ratios in the feed, the CO conversion and the CH4 selectivity decreased, while the C5+ selectivity and olefin/paraffin ratio for C2–C4 increased slightly. The water–gas shift activity was low for both catalysts, resulting in high molar usage ratios of H2/CO (close to 2.0), even at the lower inlet ratios (i.e. 1.5 and 1.0). For both catalysts, the drop in the production rate of hydrocarbons when shifting from an inlet ratio of 2.1 to 1.5 was significant mainly because the H2/CO usage ratio did not follow the change in the inlet ratio. The hydrocarbon selectivities were rather similar for inlet H2/CO ratios of 2.1 and 1.5, while significantly deviating from those for an inlet ratio of 1.0. With the studied catalysts, it is possible to utilize the advantages of an inlet ratio of 1.0 (higher selectivity to C5+, lower selectivity to CH4, no water–gas shifting of the bio-syngas needed prior to the FT reactor) if a low syngas conversion is accepted. 相似文献
50.
Ammar A. Ali Rebwar Hassan Anwer Hazim Dawood Nadhir Al‐Ansari Salahalddin S. Ali Sven Knutsson 《河流研究与利用》2020,36(3):351-361
Prudent management of Iraqi water resources under climate change conditions requires plans to be based on actual figures of the storage capacity of existing reservoirs. With the absence of sediment flushing measures, the actual storage capacity of Dokan Reservoir (operated since 1959) has been affected by the amount of sediment delivered during its operational life leading to an undetermined reduction in its storage capacity. In consequence, there has not been an update on the dam's operational storage capacity curves. In this research, new operational curves were established for the reservoir based on a recent bathymetric survey undertaken in 2014. The reduction in reservoir capacity during the period between 1959 and 2014 was calculated by the mean of the difference between the designed storage capacity and the storage capacity which was concluded from the 2014 bathymetric survey. Moreover, the rate of sediment transported to the reservoir was calculated based on the overall quantities of accumulated sediment and the water discharge of the Lesser Zab River into the reservoir. The results indicate that the dam capacity is reduced by 25% due to sedimentation of an estimated volume of 367 million cubic metres at water level 480 m.a.s.l. The annual sedimentation rate was about 6.6 million cubic metres, and the sediment yield was estimated to be 701.2 t?km?3?year. 相似文献