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81.
Spherical lithium manganese oxide spinel was synthesized by an ultrasonic spray pyrolysis method, and has been characterized using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transimission electron microscopy and electrochemical cycling at 3 V regions. The LiMn2O4 powders were composed of about 10 nm-sized primary particles. The delivered discharge capacity of the synthesized nano-material was 125 mAh g−1 between 2.4 and 3.5 V and its retention was about 96% upon 50 cycling. From the high resolution transmission electron microscopic study, it was found that structural transition of the parent material did not occur even after the 50th electrochemical cycling on the 3 V region. It seems that the reversible structural change is possible for nanocrystalline LiMn2O4 as observed by the X-ray diffraction and transition electron microscopic observations. 相似文献
82.
We prepared poly(p‐phenylene pyromellitimide) (PMDA–PDA), poly(p‐phenylene 4,4′‐hexafluoroisopropylidene diphthalimide), and their copolyimides with various compositions to explore the relationship between the water sorption and structure. The water sorption behaviors were gravimetrically investigated as a function of composition and temperature and interpreted with a Fickian diffusion model in films. Overall, the water sorption behaviors were strongly dependent on the changes in morphological structure, which originated from the variations in composition. When the content of the bulky hexafluoroisopropylidene group (6FDA) was increased, the water uptake decreased from 5.80 to 3.18 wt %, whereas the diffusion coefficient increased from 3.6 × 10?10 to 11.3 × 10?10 cm2/s. The relatively high water uptake in the PMDA–PDA polyimide film was successfully healed by the incorporation of 6FDA, which may have resulted from the increases in the intermolecular packing order and hydrophobicity. The degree of orientation and crystallinity, which are in‐plane characteristics, were directly correlated to the diffusion coefficient and activation energy in the polyimide film. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 3442–3446, 2003 相似文献
83.
Sang?Sung?Lee Soo?Chool?Lee Jae?Chang?KimEmail author 《Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering》2002,19(3):406-410
O-alkylation reaction of hydroquinone with excess methanol was performed by using alkali metal ion-exchanged zeolite catalysts
in a slurry type reactor to substitute the solid zeolite catalysts for the homogeneous liquid phase catalysts. This was also
done to produce selectively mono-alkylated 4-methoxyphenol, a valuable intermediate for the perfume, flavor, food and photo
industries. The effects of the basicity of various zeolites and reaction conditions such as temperature, reaction time and
the amount of catalyst on the catalytic activity and selectivity were tested to maximize the yield of 4-methoxyphenol. Thus
far, 84% selectivity at 95% conversion of hydroquinone was obtained at the optimum reaction conditions (240 ‡C, reaction with
0.6 g catalyst for 16 h), which was thought to result from the strong basic property and shape selectivity of the Cs ion-exchanged
NaX zeolite. 相似文献
84.
The hydrodynamic and gas mixing characteristics have been determined in a FCC regenerator (0.48 m I.D.x3.4 m high) with FCC
particles. Solids holdup in the dense bed decreases with increasing gas velocity, but it increases in the freeboard region.
The bubble/void fraction increases with an increase along the bed height at a given gas velocity and increases with increasing
gas velocity at a constant bed height. Backmixed tracer gas at the wall region is higher than that at the center region of
the bed. The gas backmixing coefficient decreases with increasing gas velocity. 相似文献
85.
Stormer-numerov approximation for numerical solutions of ordinary and partial differential equations
Stormer-Numerov approximations of high accuracy were developed for solutions of non-linear boundary value problems and nonlinear
elliptic partial differential equations. The approximations can be easily adopted also for parabolic partial differential
equations in one and more space dimensions and feature fourth-order accuracy. For boundary value problems only three nodes
are necessary to obtain the desired fourth order accuracy. The finite difference formula for parabolic partial differential
equations can be readily generalized to a nonequidistant mesh so that automatic regridding in space may be used. The Stomer-Numerov
approximations are important for solution of problems where storage limitations and computer time expenditure preclude standard
second order methods. Because of the fourth order approximations a low number of mesh points can be used for a majority of
chemical engineering problems. The application of Stormer-Numerov approximations is illustrated on a number of examples. 相似文献
86.
Water management plays an important role in obtaining high performance from a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC).
To reduce the volume and energy consumption of widely-used bubble humidifiers, membrane humidifiers were fabricated by using
an ultrafiltration (UF) membrane and Nafion membranes. The performance of the membrane humidifiers was examined as a function
of gas flow rate and operating temperature. A single cell was operated using the UF membrane humidifiers exhibiting almost
the same performance with that employing bubble humidifiers. 相似文献
87.
Composite membranes were prepared by grafting plasma-polymerized films onto the surface of nonporous poly (dimethylsiloxane)
films. Gas permeabilities of the composite membranes were measured at 35°C, 1 atm for N2, 02, CO2 and CH4. The permeation properties of the composite membrane was analyzed using the series resistance model. There was a great interfacial
resistance to CH4 permeation through the composite membrane. The interfacial resistance was negligible for the other gases. The interfacial
resistance seems to be a result of an interfacial layer caused by the interaction between the bulk two layers. For CH4 gas, the permeation rate through the composite membrane was affected by the direction of flow. The directional dependence
was negligible for the other gases. 相似文献
88.
The effects of reaction temperature, pressure and residence time were investigated with a flow apparatus. Cellobiose decomposition
kinetics and products in suband supercritical water were examined at temperatures from 320 to 420 °C at pressures from 25
to 40 MPa, and at residence times within 3 sec. Cellobiose was found to decompose via hydrolysis and pyrolysis. The yield
of desired hydrolysis product, glucose, was the maximum value of 36.8% at 320 °C, 35 MPa, but the amount of 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural
(HMF), fermentation inhibitor increased too because residence time increased in the subcritical region owing to decrease of
reaction rate. Meanwhile, though the yield of glucose is low in the supercritical region, the yield of HMF decreased compared
with the subcritical region; and at the minimum yield of HMF (380 °C, 25 MPa), the yield of glucose was 21.4%. The decomposition
of cellobiose followed first-order kinetics and the activation energy for the decomposition of cellobiose was 51.05 kJ/mol
at 40MPa. 相似文献
89.
含氟有机化合物氟化反应研究进展 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
介绍了含氟有机化合物的优点,一些常用的含氟有机化合物的分类和适用性,并介绍了主要的合成方法,按照合成物质的种类分为含氟非成环烷烃类、含氟环烷烃类及其衍生物和各自不同的应用.叙述了引入F原子或引入含氟端基的方法:电化学反应法、聚合反应法和其它反应法. 相似文献
90.
Bo Hyun Ryu Sang Yup Lee Dong Hyun Lee Gui Young Han Tae-Jin Lee Ki June Yoon 《Catalysis Today》2007,123(1-4):303-309
Carbon black has recently been reported to act as an effective catalyst for methane decomposition and to exhibit stable catalytic behavior despite carbon deposition, and thus it can be used for CO2-free production of hydrogen from natural gas. In this work, various carbon blacks with different primary particle size were investigated with respect to methane decomposition under atmospheric pressure from 1123 to 1223 K. Catalytic characteristics, such as activity, activation energy and reaction order, were investigated and compared. It was observed that with decreasing primary particle size (or increasing specific surface area), the specific activity increased and the activation energy decreased. The reaction orders for various pelletized, rubber-reinforcing carbon blacks were 0.6–0.7, about the same regardless of the primary particle size, while they were near 1 for fluffy carbon blacks. Fluffy carbon black showed higher activity and activation energy than the pelletized carbon black of the same primary particle size. Changes of the surface morphology during carbon deposition were observed by TEM. Variations of the number of active sites were discussed in regard of the primary particle size, carbon deposition and binder. The presence of different types of active sites was also suggested. 相似文献