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Secondary nucleation in industrial crystallizers depends on both supersaturation and mechanical stress by stirring. Most models which consider mechanical stress assume that nucleation is proprotional to the energy transferred to the crystals during collisions. This is not based on any physical relationship and, in addition, the models do not satisfactorily reproduce the experimental results. Own model, based on the theory of Hertz/Huber, which accounts for the stress of the crystals caused by impact, gave better results. This well-known and proven theory allows the calculation of the volume abraded during collisions between crystals and stirrer or walls. Introducing a nucleate efficienncy, the effect of mechanical stress on the rate of secondary nucleation, due to stirring intensity and crystallizer size, can be determined. 相似文献
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Lisette Mol Emiel Krahmer Alfons Maes Marc Swerts 《Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication》2011,17(1):77-100
Speakers are argued to adapt their language production to their addressee's needs. For instance, speakers produce fewer and smaller hand gestures when interlocutors cannot see each other. Yet is this because speakers know their addressee cannot see them, or because they themselves do not see their addressee? By means of computer‐mediated communication we manipulated these factors independently. We found that speakers took into account what their addressee saw. They produced more and larger gestures when they knew the addressee could see them. Seeing the addressee increased gesture production only if speakers could readily interpret the addressee's eye gaze, which is not usually the case in mediated interaction. Adding this affordance resulted in gesturing being similar in mediated and unmediated communication. 相似文献
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This article describes the role of hydrogen trapping in steel. Trapping increases the solubility of hydrogen and decreases
the diffusivity. Traps are characterized by their nature, i.e., reversible or irreversible, saturable or unsaturable. A dislocation core is a saturable, reversible trap, while voids and
crack are unsaturable, reversible traps. A trap model based on saturable, reversible traps is developed, which is slightly
different from the trap model of McNabb and Foster. In equilibrium, the trap model corresponds to Oriani’s trap model. Kumnick
and Johnson found experimentally that the trap density increases as the plastic strain increases. Using their trap data, it
is shown that equilibrium between hydrogen in lattice sites and trap sites can be assumed when strain rates are used as in
standard tensile tests. 相似文献
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When mechanical foambreakers are used in chemical engineering processes to control an undesired primary foam, a secondary foam is often produced. Secondary foams consist of small bubbles, have a high liquid hold-up, and cannot be condensed further by mechanical foambreakers. Secondary foams can be converted into liquid and gas in a coalescence column by drainage, diffusion, and breakage of the lamellas. This paper presents a new model to determine the velocity of bubble growth and the time of coalescence of secondary foams. The experimental investigations have been carried out with surfactants in aqueous solutions. 相似文献
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The consolidation of multiple workloads and servers enables the efficient use of server and power resources in shared resource pools. We employ a trace-based workload placement controller that uses historical information to periodically and proactively reassign workloads to servers subject to their quality of service objectives. A reactive migration controller is introduced that detects server overload and underload conditions. It initiates the migration of workloads when the demand for resources exceeds supply. Furthermore, it dynamically adds and removes servers to maintain a balance of supply and demand for capacity while minimizing power usage. A host load simulation environment is used to evaluate several different management policies for the controllers in a time effective manner. A case study involving three months of data for 138 SAP applications compares three integrated controller approaches with the use of each controller separately. The study considers trade-offs between: (i) required capacity and power usage, (ii) resource access quality of service for CPU and memory resources, and (iii) the number of migrations. Our study sheds light on the question of whether a reactive controller or proactive workload placement controller alone is adequate for resource pool management. The results show that the most tightly integrated controller approach offers the best results in terms of capacity and quality but requires more migrations per hour than the other strategies. 相似文献