全文获取类型
收费全文 | 8190篇 |
免费 | 537篇 |
国内免费 | 85篇 |
学科分类
医药卫生 | 8812篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 33篇 |
2022年 | 69篇 |
2021年 | 245篇 |
2020年 | 126篇 |
2019年 | 187篇 |
2018年 | 234篇 |
2017年 | 209篇 |
2016年 | 297篇 |
2015年 | 365篇 |
2014年 | 443篇 |
2013年 | 511篇 |
2012年 | 794篇 |
2011年 | 745篇 |
2010年 | 442篇 |
2009年 | 370篇 |
2008年 | 503篇 |
2007年 | 487篇 |
2006年 | 418篇 |
2005年 | 400篇 |
2004年 | 330篇 |
2003年 | 314篇 |
2002年 | 252篇 |
2001年 | 217篇 |
2000年 | 197篇 |
1999年 | 131篇 |
1998年 | 62篇 |
1997年 | 42篇 |
1996年 | 28篇 |
1995年 | 23篇 |
1994年 | 23篇 |
1993年 | 13篇 |
1992年 | 45篇 |
1991年 | 43篇 |
1990年 | 34篇 |
1989年 | 23篇 |
1988年 | 31篇 |
1987年 | 25篇 |
1986年 | 12篇 |
1985年 | 7篇 |
1984年 | 9篇 |
1983年 | 5篇 |
1981年 | 5篇 |
1980年 | 4篇 |
1979年 | 10篇 |
1978年 | 6篇 |
1977年 | 3篇 |
1974年 | 9篇 |
1973年 | 5篇 |
1970年 | 5篇 |
1969年 | 3篇 |
排序方式: 共有8812条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
31.
A 1463 gene cattle-human comparative map with anchor points defined by human genome sequence coordinates 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
下载免费PDF全文
![点击此处可从《Genome research》网站下载免费的PDF全文](/ch/ext_images/free.gif)
Everts-van der Wind A Kata SR Band MR Rebeiz M Larkin DM Everts RE Green CA Liu L Natarajan S Goldammer T Lee JH McKay S Womack JE Lewin HA 《Genome research》2004,14(7):1424-1437
A second-generation 5000 rad radiation hybrid (RH) map of the cattle genome was constructed primarily using cattle ESTs that were targeted to gaps in the existing cattle-human comparative map, as well as to sparsely populated map intervals. A total of 870 targeted markers were added, bringing the number of markers mapped on the RH(5000) panel to 1913. Of these, 1463 have significant BLASTN hits (E < e(-5)) against the human genome sequence. A cattle-human comparative map was created using human genome sequence coordinates of the paired orthologs. One-hundred and ninety-five conserved segments (defined by two or more genes) were identified between the cattle and human genomes, of which 31 are newly discovered and 34 were extended singletons on the first-generation map. The new map represents an improvement of 20% genome-wide comparative coverage compared with the first-generation map. Analysis of gene content within human genome regions where there are gaps in the comparative map revealed gaps with both significantly greater and significantly lower gene content. The new, more detailed cattle-human comparative map provides an improved resource for the analysis of mammalian chromosome evolution, the identification of candidate genes for economically important traits, and for proper alignment of sequence contigs on cattle chromosomes. 相似文献
32.
Malignant fibrous histiocytoma: an ultrastructural perspective 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Malignant fibrous histiocytoma is a frequent diagnosis, but the relationship of the tumors to histologically similar soft tissue neoplasms is controversial. In this study, 157 examples representing the 4 main subtypes were reviewed by light microscopy and each tumor was studied with the electron microscope. Immunohistochemical stains were performed on 77 tumors. Electron micrographs on 100 fibrosarcomas were reviewed for comparison. Malignant fibrous histiocytomas often closely resemble fibrosarcomas at the ultrastructural level and differences between the two are generally of degree only. Evidence for true histiocytic differentiation was not found. The immunohistochemical results did not contradict the authors' impression from electron microscopy that malignant fibrous histiocytoma forms part of the histologic spectrum of tumors of fibroblasts. 相似文献
33.
We report a case of the unusual location of a cutaneous bronchogenic cyst on the abdominal wall. The patient was a 9-month-old boy who had presented with a 1.5 cm-sized polypoid mass, present since birth. Pathological examination of the excised mass revealed multiple small cystic structures surrounded by the fibroadipose tissue. The lining epithelium consisted of either pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells or a single layer of ciliated or non-ciliated cuboidal to columnar cells. The cystic walls contained a well-developed smooth muscle bundle, mucous glands and hyaline cartilage plate. This lesion was adherent to the peritoneum, but there was no direct communication with the abdominal cavity. Cutaneous bronchogenic cyst located in the abdominal wall has not been described in the English literature. The present case suggests a possible origin from a downward migration, from the sequestered bud of a tracheobronchial tree primordium along the midline of the body surface, during embryonic development. 相似文献
34.
Na Ri Kang Yo Han Ahn Eujin Park Keum Hwa Lee Hee Sun Baek Seong Heon Kim Heeyeon Cho Min Hyun Cho Jae Il Shin Joo Hoon Lee Hae Il Cheong Hee Gyung Kang Young Seo Park Il-Soo Ha Duk-Soo Moon Kyoung Hee Han 《Journal of Korean medical science》2021,36(20)
BackgroundChronic kidney disease (CKD) has a negative impact on growth and development in children and is a risk factor for neurocognitive impairment; however, there is limited research on the cognitive function of children and adolescents with CKD. This study therefore aimed to investigate the mean intelligence and risk factors for low intelligence in children and adolescents with CKD.MethodsEighty-one patients with CKD under 18 years old were included in the KoreaN cohort study for Outcomes in patients With Pediatric Chronic Kidney Disease (KNOW-Ped CKD). Participants completed either the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (6–16 years), or Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (> 16 years).ResultsThe mean full-scale intelligence quotient (IQ) was 91 ± 19; 24.7% of participants scored a full-scale IQ below 80. Participants with a short stature (height Z scores < −1.88), failure to thrive (weight Z scores < −1.65), more severe CKD stage (≥ IIIb), longer duration of CKD (≥ 5 years), and those who were Medicare or Medicaid beneficiaries, had significantly lower mean full-scale IQs.ConclusionOn linear regression analysis, the association between the full-scale IQ, and longer duration of CKD and growth failure, remained significant after controlling for demographic and clinical variables. It is therefore necessary to investigate cognitive impairment in pediatric patients with CKD who exhibit growth failure or for a longer postmorbid period. It is believed that early interventions, such as kidney transplantation, will have a positive effect on IQ in children with CKD, as the disease negatively affects IQ due to poor glomerular filtration rate over time.Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02165878相似文献
35.
Experimental extrinsic allergic alveolitis and pulmonary angiitis induced by intratracheal or intravenous challenge with Corynebacterium parvum in sensitized rats.
下载免费PDF全文
![点击此处可从《The American journal of pathology》网站下载免费的PDF全文](/ch/ext_images/free.gif)
E. S. Yi H. Lee Y. K. Suh W. Tang M. Qi S. Yin D. G. Remick T. R. Ulich 《The American journal of pathology》1996,149(4):1303-1312
Extrinsic allergic alveolitis and pulmonary sarcoidosis are granulomatous diseases of the lung for which clinical presentation and anatomic site of granuloma formation differ. Extrinsic allergic alveolitis is caused by inhaled antigens, whereas the nature and source of the inciting antigen in sarcoidosis is unknown. To test the hypothesis that the route via which antigen is introduced to the lung contributes to the clinicopathological presentation of pulmonary granulomatous disease, rats immunized with intravenous (i.v.) Corynebacterium parvum were challenged after 2 weeks with either intratracheal (i.t.) or i.v. C. parvum. The granulomatous inflammation elicited by i.t. challenge predominantly involved alveolar spaces and histologically simulated extrinsic allergic alveolitis. In contrast, the inflammation induced by i.v. challenge was characterized by granulomatous angiitis and interstitial inflammation simulating sarcoidosis. Elevations of leukocyte counts and TNF levels in bronchoalveolar fluid, which reflect inflammation in the intra-alveolar compartment, were much more pronounced after i.t. than after i.v. challenge. Tumor necrosis factor, interleukin-6, CC chemokine, CXC chemokine, and adhesion molecule mRNA and protein expression occurred in each model. In conclusion, i.t. or i.v. challenge with C. parvum in sensitized rats caused pulmonary granulomatous inflammation that was histologically similar to human extrinsic allergic alveolitis and sarcoidosis, respectively. Although the soluble and cellular mediators of granulomatous inflammation were qualitatively similar in both disease models, the differing anatomic source of the same antigenic challenge was responsible for differing clinicopathological presentations. 相似文献
36.
Younyoung Kim Jin-Hyuck Kim Yu Jin Nam Minyoung Kong Yun Joong Kim Kyung-Ho Yu Byung-Chul Lee Chaeyoung Lee 《Neuroscience letters》2006
An aging-suppressor gene, klotho, is a candidate factor for vascular disease because its deficiency leads to impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation and impaired angiogenesis. We investigated the association of polymorphisms in klotho with ischemic stroke. We searched for sequence variants in promoter and exons of klotho gene. For the association study, selected variants were genotyped in control subjects and in patients with ischemic stroke and vascular dementia. The association with ischemic stroke was further investigated with its subtypes classified based on Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST). No significant association was observed for both G-395A and C1818T with ischemic stroke and vascular dementia (P > 0.05). The analysis with subtypes of ischemic stroke revealed the associations that the A allele of G-395A increased the risk of cardioembolic stroke (CE, OR = 2.60; P = 0.006), and subjects carrying the A allele were susceptible to CE in both of dominant (AA + GA versus GG; OR = 2.50; P = 0.046) and recessive (AA versus GA + GG; OR = 6.52; P = 0.007) models. Further analysis of data partitioned by gender showed that the associations of G-395A with CE only existed in women (A versus G; OR = 4.33; P = 0.002), AA + GA versus GG; OR = 5.68; P = 0.014, and AA versus GA + GG; OR = 9.07; P = 0.012), but the significance disappeared in men (P > 0.05). The sequence variant of G-395A in klotho might be a genetic risk factor for CE in females. 相似文献
37.
H2O2 enhances Ca2+ release from osteoblast internal stores 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
The physiological activity of osteoblasts is known to be closely related to increased intracellular Ca2+ activity ([Ca2+]i) in osteoblasts. The cellular regulation of [Ca2+]i in osteoblasts is mediated by Ca2+ movements associated with Ca2+ release from intracellular Ca2+ stores, and transmembrane Ca2+ influx via Na+-Ca2+ exchanger, and Ca2+ ATPase. Reactive oxygen species, such as H2O2, play an important role in the regulation of cellular functions, and act as signaling molecules or toxins in cells. In this study, we investigated the effects of H2O2 on cellular Ca2+ regulation in osteoblasts by measuring intracellular Ca2+ activities using cellular calcium imaging techniques. Osteoblasts were isolated from the femurs and tibias of neonatal rats, and cultured for 7 days. The cultured osteoblasts were loaded with a Ca2+-sensitive fluorescent dye, Fura-2, and fluorescence images were monitored using a cooled CCD camera, and subsequently analyzed using image analyzing software. The results obtained are as follows: (1) The osteoblasts with lower basal Ca2+ activities yielded a transient Ca2+ increase, a Ca2+ spike, while osteoblasts with higher basal Ca2+ activities showed a continuous increase in [Ca2+]i leading to cell death. (2) Ca2+ spikes, generated after removing Na+ from superfusing solutions, were blocked by H2O2 and this was followed by a sustained increase in Ca2+ activity. (3) ATP- induced Ca2+ spikes were inhibited by pretreating with H2O2 and this was followed by a continuous increase of [Ca2+]i. When cells were pretreated with the exogenous nitric oxide (NO) donor S-Nitroso-N-acetylpenicilance (SNAP, 50 microM), treatments of ATP (1 mM) induced a Ca2+ spike-like increase, but [Ca2+]i did not return to the basal level. (4) The expression of inositol- 1,4,5-triphosphate receptor (IP3R) was enhanced by H2O2. Our results suggest that H2O2 modulates intracellular Ca2+ activity in osteoblasts by increasing Ca2+ release from the intracellular Ca2+ stores. 相似文献
38.
Cell signaling in aging and apoptosis 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
Suh Y 《Mechanisms of ageing and development》2002,123(8):881-890
Alterations in apoptotic potential, due to perturbations in cell signaling cascades, could underlie age-related organ-specific cellular degeneration and death. While increased apoptosis could lead to cell loss, as in neuronal degeneration, loss of apoptosis competence might well result in the loss of phenotypic fidelity of somatic cells, which could explain to some extent, the age-related increase in cancer incidence. Results from our laboratory indicate that after subjecting young and old rats to genotoxic stress in the form of methyl methanesulfonate (MMS), an apoptotic response is quickly mounted in the liver of the young animals but virtually absent in the same organ of old animals (Nature Med. 8 (2002) 3). To address the possible molecular signaling defect(s) responsible for the age-related dysfunction of apoptosis in response to MMS, mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs), c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinases (JNKs) and p38 MAPKs, were evaluated in the liver of young and old rats after MMS treatment. The results demonstrated distinct age-specific patterns of MMS-induced MAPKs activation, suggesting that the balance between cell survival and apoptosis after genotoxic stress may be impaired during aging. These results are discussed in terms of the relative importance in aging of biological redundancy, a concept put forward by the late Bernard Strehler, and cellular fidelity. 相似文献
39.
Hong KE Ock SM Kang MH Kim CE Bae JN Lim MK Suh CH Chung SJ Cho SC Lee JS 《Journal of Korean medical science》2002,17(4):530-536
Neuropathological deficits are an etiological factor in Tourette syndrome (TS), and implicate a network linking the basal ganglia and the cerebrum, not a particular single brain region. In this study, the volumes of 20 cerebral and cerebellar regions and their symmetries were measured in normal boys and TS boys by brain magnetic resonance imaging. Brain magnetic resonance images were obtained prospectively in 19 boys with TS and 17 age-matched normal control boys. Cerebral and cerebellar regions were segmented to gray and white fractions using algorithm for semi-automated fuzzy tissue segmentation. The frontal, parietal, temporal, and the occipital lobes and the cerebellum were defined using the semiautomated Talairach atlas-based parcellation method. Boys with TS had smaller total brain volumes than control subjects. In the gray matter, although the smaller brain volume was taken into account, TS boys had a smaller right frontal lobe and a larger left frontal lobe and increased normal asymmetry (left>right). In addition, TS boys had more frontal lobe white matter. There were no significant differences in regions of interest of the parietal, temporal, or the occipital lobes or the cerebellum. These findings suggest that boys with TS may have neuropathological abnormalities in the gray and the white matter of the frontal lobe. 相似文献
40.
Acute effect of ethanol on firing patterns of Purkinje cells in the rat cerebellar slice preparation
This study examined the acute effects of ethanol (EtOH) on the firing patterns of Purkinje cells (PCs) using an intracellular recording in slice preparation of rat cerebellum. The experiments were performed in sagittal cerebellar slices (400 micrometer) of adult Sprague-Dawley rats (80-100g). Ethanol was applied by a bath superfusion with a known concentration expressed as the percentage of solution by volume (v/v) at 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2, and 4%. The result of the Chi-square test illustrated that the firing patterns were altered significantly after EtOH (p=0.007). However, the firing patterns that were altered by EtOH application were not affected by EtOH concentration (p= 0.1296). Among the 54 PCs tested, 30 PCs did not display any spontaneous firing activity and 24 PCs displayed spontaneous spike activity, either spiking in the simple manner (n=14) or cyclicly oscillating (n=10). In the presence of EtOH, 31 PCs were quiet, 22 PCs exhibited simple spiking activity and 1 PC continued to oscillate. Most PCs that displayed spontaneous activity before EtOH application progressively slowed their spike activity after EtOH superfusion. Especially, it was evident that 9 out of 10 oscillating PCs stopped their regular cyclic activity. In addition, 9 out of 14 PCs that displayed simple spike activity ceased to fire after EtOH application. Eleven out of 30 quiet PCs began to fire irregularly after EtOH application and this phenomenon usually occurred with membrane depolarization. EtOH induced spontaneous activity in 36.7% (11/30) of the quiescent PCs. In conclusion, there was differential EtOH sensitivity in the vitro slice preparation. EtOH depressed the endogenously generated spontaneous activity, especially the oscillatory firing activity. In contrast, the silent PCs were excited after EtOH application. Since this differential sensitivity persists in the presence of tetrodotoxin (TTX), it is suggested that this differential sensitivity is peculiar to the PCs. 相似文献