Automatic tuning of decentralized PID controllers for MIMO processes

An automatic tuning algorithm for decentralized PID control in multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) plants is presented. This algorithm generalizes the authors' recent auto-tuner for two-input two-output systems to any number of inputs and outputs. The algorithm consists of two stages. In the first, the desired critical point, which consists of the critical gains of all the loops and a critical frequency, is identified. The auto-tuner identifies the desired critical point with almost no a priori information about the process. During the identification phase all controllers are replaced by relays, thus generating limit cycles with the same period in all loops. It is shown that each limit cycle corresponds to a single critical point of the process. By varying the relays parameters different points can be determined. The auto-tuner contains a procedure which converges rapidly to the desired critical point while maintaining the amplitudes of the process variables as well as of the manipulated variables within prespecified ranges. In the second stage, the data of the desired critical point is used to tune the PID controllers by the Ziegler-Nichols rules or their modifications. This paper focuses on the first stage. The steady-state process gains, which are required for the appropriate choice of the desired critical point, are determined by the auto-tuner in closed-loop fashion simultaneously with the identification of the critical point. The identification of the process gains is achieved at no extra plant time. Based upon a large number of simulated cases, the proposed auto-tuner seems to be efficient and robust. The paper discusses the underlying principles of the auto-tuner and its properties and capabilities are demonstrated via examples.     

In Situ ceramic particle-reinforced aluminum matrix composites fabricated by reaction pressing in the TiO2 (Ti)-Al-B (B2O3) systems

Particulate TiB₂ reinforced aluminum-based metal matrix composites (MMCs) were successfully fabricated by means of the reaction processing method. TiB₂ particulates were formed in situ through the reaction of Ti and B in Ti-Al-B, TiO₂ and B in TiO₂-Al-B, and TiO₂ and B₂O₃ in TiO₂-Al-B₂O₃ systems. The results showed that in situ TiB₂ particulates formed in the Ti-Al-B system had a size of 5 μm and they exhibited block and rodlike structures. Moreover, coarse Al₃Ti blocks several tens of micrometers in size were also formed simultaneously. On the other hand, equiaxed Al₂O₃ and TiB₂ particulates with a size of less than 2 μm were formed in situ in the TiO₂-Al-B and TiO₂-Al-B₂O₃ systems. The Al₃Ti phase was completely eliminated in the TiO₂-Al-B system with increasing B content. Tensile tests revealed that the Al₂O₃ · TiB₂/Al composite fabricated from the TiO₂-Al-B system exhibits excellent mechanical properties. The yield strength of the Al₂O₃ · TiB₂/Al composite appeared to increase with increasing TiB₂ content. The yield strength of the Al₂O₃ · TiB₂/Al composite could be further increased by introducing CuO into the TiO₂-Al-B system. Such an increment in mechanical strength arose from the strengthening effect caused by the Al₂Cu precipitates. The incorporation of CuO had no effect on the in situ reaction process of the TiO₂-Al-B system. Finally, the effect of SiC addition on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the composites fabricated from the TiO₂-Al-B and TiO₂-Al-B-CuO systems was also investigated.     

Neural mechanism of pupillary dilation elicited by electro-acupuncture stimulation in anesthetized rats

The neural mechanisms to reflex dilation elicited by electro-acupuncture stimulation were investigated in anesthetized rats. Two needles, with 160 microns diameter and about 5 mm apart, were inserted into the skin and underlying muscle of a hindpaw. Repetitive 20 Hz, 0.5 ms electrical pulses at various intensities were used for stimulation for 30s. The pupil size was magnified about 44 times via a microscope and was continuously recorded on a videotape. Electro-acupuncture stimulation at more than 0.5 up to 6 mA induced stimulus intensity-dependent pupil dilation. These responses were abolished by the severance of the sciatic and saphenous nerve of the stimulated hindlimb. Compound action potentials were recorded from the distal cut end of the tibial of a saphenous nerve following electro-acupuncture stimulation of the hindpaw. The mean threshold of the compound action potentials of the myelinated fibers in saphenous nerves was 0.18 mA, while that of unmyelinated fibers was 3.0 mA. The mean threshold of the compound action potentials of the myelinated fibers in the tibial nerve was 0.20 mA of unmyelinated fibers was 3.3 mA. Severance of bilateral trunks did not affect the response, while severance of the third cranial nerves abolished the responses. In conclusion, electro-acupuncture stimulation applied to the hindpaws of the anesthetized rats induced excitation of myelinated or of both myelinated and unmyelinated afferent fibers of the tibial and saphenous nerve, and involved a reflex response of pupil dilation through the third cranial parasympathetic efferent nerve.     

Transmission capacity of optical path overhead transfer schemeusing pilot tone for optical path network

Photonic networks based on the optical path concept and wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) technology require unique operation, administration, and maintenance (OAM) functions. In order to realize the required OAM functions, the optical path network must support an effective management information transfer method. The method that superimposes a pilot tone on the optical signal appears very interesting for optical path overhead transfer. The pilot tone transmission capacity is determined by the carrier to noise ratio which depends on the power spectral density of the optical signal. The pilot tone transmission capacity of an optical path network employing WDM technology is elucidated; 4.5 kb/s transmission can be realized when the pilot tone modulation index is set at 3%     

Hierarchical models for analysis and recognition of handwritten characters

Different hierarchical models in pattern analysis and recognition are proposed, based on occurrence probability of patterns. As an important application of recognizing handprinted characters, three typical kinds of hierarchical models such asM _89-89,M _89-36 andM _36-36 have been presented, accompanied by the computer algorithms for computing recognition rates of pattern parts. Moreover, a comparative study of their recognition rates has been conducted theoretically; and numerical experiments have been carried out to verify the analytical conclusions made. Various hierarchical models deliberated in this paper can provide users more or better choices of pattern models in practical application, and lead to a uniform computational scheme (or code). The recognition rates of parts can be improved remarkably by a suitable hierarchical model. For the modelM _89-36 in which case some of the Canadian standard handprinted characters have multiple occurrence probabilities, the total mean recognition rates of the given sample may reach 120% of that by the model proposed by Li et al., and 156% of that obtained from the subjective experiments reported by Suen.     

Second-order bounds on the domain of attraction and the rate ofconvergence of nonlinear dynamical systems and neural networks

We present a method for analyzing the convergence properties of nonlinear dynamical systems yielding second-order bounds on the domain of attraction of an asymptotically stable equilibrium point and on the time of convergence in the estimated domain. We show that under certain conditions on the system, there exists an analytic solution to the corresponding optimization problem. The method is applied in analyzing the dynamics of a neural network model.     

Analytical formulae for calculating stresses in unidirectional/cross-ply unbalanced laminates

A multilayer theory has been developed for unidirectional/cross-ply unbalanced laminates subjected to surface shear tractions, using the assumption of plane strain. The analytical solution for the stress field in the laminate is obtained and it is shown that the stresses in each layer are in good agreement with the results of a three-dimensional finite element analysis. Approximate formulae for the analytical stresses are also derived for a laminate subjected to an offset distributed force at one end. The accuracy of this solution is shown by comparison with a three-dimensional finite element analysis.     

Serotype-specific amplification of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi DNA by nested polymerase chain reaction

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with nested primer pairs was used to diagnose scrub typhus and identify the Rickettsia tsutsugamushi serotype. The primer pairs used for PCR were designed on the basis of the nucleotide sequence of the gene that encodes the 56-kDa antigen. Serotype-specific primers were used in the second PCR amplification. Five serovariants, the Gilliam, Karp, Kato, Kawasaki, and Kuroki strains of R. tsutsugamushi, were identified by nested PCR. In addition, the serotype identified by PCR with DNA from blood clots was the same as that of the strain isolated from five patients with scrub typhus. These findings indicate that this method is useful for diagnosis and identification of the rickettsial serotype in infected patients.     

Enkephalinergic innervation of GABAergic neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus of the rat

The preembedding double immunoreaction method was used to study interrelations of enkephalinergic and GABAergic neuronal elements in the dorsal raphe nucleus of the Wistar albino rat. The enkephalin-like neuronal elements were immunoreacted by the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method and silver-gold intensified, which showed strongly and was specific. The GABA-like immunoreactive neurons were immunoreacted by the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method only. GABA-like neural somata were postsynaptic to both the enkephalin-like immunoreactive and the non-immunoreactive axon terminals. The enkephalin-like immunoreactive axon terminals were also found to synapse GABA-like immunoreactive dendrites. The GABA-like immunoreactive neuronal elements were also found to receive synapses from other non-immunoreactive as well as GABA-like immunoreactive axon terminals. Almost all of the synapses appeared to be asymmetrical. Possible functional activity of interactions among the enkephalinergic, GABAergic, and serotonergic neuronal elements in the dorsal raphe nucleus are discussed.