2000—2010年“一带一路”沿线林地变化

基于欧洲宇航局全球气候变化计划(Climate Change Initiative)2000、2010年土地利用数据,对"一带一路"沿线林地变化进行了分析。结果表明:2000—2010年"一带一路"沿线林地呈下降趋势。俄罗斯、东南亚大部分国家以及印度等林地面积下降突出,仅中国林地面积呈增加趋势。林地转为耕地(52 473 km~2)和草地(14 848 km~2)是主要转出类型,耕地转为林地(19 539 km2)以及林地内部转移(386.55 km~2)是主要转入类型。俄罗斯和中国林地转入面积较大(>20 km~2),南亚的印度、孟加拉国,东南亚的马来西亚、印度尼西亚、泰国以及俄罗斯等林地转出面积较大(>2 000 km~2)。     

微胶囊技术及其在食品工业中的应用研究

利用微胶囊技术,可以解决传统工艺所不能解决的众多问题,生产出多种高新产品,且具有良好的功能性质和贮存稳定性。介绍微胶囊技术的特点,壁材、芯材的类型,制备方法、原理,以及其在饮料工业、乳制品、糖果、食品添加剂以及焙烤食品中的应用。     

高粱光敏色素A基因的克隆、蛋白结构与长短日照诱导表达模式

光敏色素是一类红光/远红光受体,对植物光形态建成、外部形态和生理功能等方面起着重要的调节作用。为明晰光敏色素A在调控高粱光形态建成发育过程中的作用,本研究比较分析光温敏感程度不同的高粱品种Btx623、Rio、Tx430和LH645的PhyA基因序列和PHYA蛋白的保守结构域,利用qRT-PCR明确长短日照条件处理下PhyA基因的表达模式。结果表明,Btx623、Rio和Tx430之间PhyA基因序列存在非同义突变,LH645在PhyA基因的第7个外显子上插入了5 bp碱基序列;高粱PhyA蛋白中含有1个PAS-2结构域、1个GAF结构域、1个Phytochrome结构域、2个PAS结构域、1个组氨酸激酶A结构域和1个类似组氨酸激酶的ATP激酶结构;遗传进化树分析表明,单子叶和双子叶植物PhyA蛋白明显聚为2大类,高粱PhyA、谷子PhyA和玉米PhyA1、PhyA2聚为一个亚类,相互间亲缘关系较近,与水稻PhyA同源性相对较远;在短日照(SD)条件下各时期PhyA基因转录水平变化显著,Rio PhyA基因转录水平较Btx623和Tx430变化明显,LH645 PhyA基因转录变化不显著,在长日照(LD)条件下Rio PhyA基因转录水平低于Btx623和Tx430,LH645 PhyA基因转录水平变化不显著。以上结果表明,PhyA受光周期诱导,推测其在高粱光形态建成中起重要调控作用。本研究为进一步解析PhyA基因功能及其在调控高粱光形态建成发育过程中的作用提供理论基础。     

富马酸及其与甲酸钙复配替代抗生素对川藏黑猪日粮酸结合力及生产性能的影响

试验旨在评价富马酸及富马酸与甲酸钙复配剂取代饲用抗生素对川藏黑猪日粮酸结合力(ABC)及猪生产性能的影响。选用(52.36±9.76)kg左右健康黑猪50头,按体重、性别随机分为5个处理,每处理4重复,分别饲喂无抗负对照、抗生素正对照1(恩拉霉素+硫酸粘杆菌素)、抗生素正对照2(吉他霉素+硫酸粘杆菌素)、0.5%富马酸(FA)、0.5%的富马酸与甲酸钙复配剂产品(FA+CF)日粮。结果表明,与负对照比较,FA及FA+CF极显著降低饲料p H值及饲料ABC值(P=0.00)。28 d饲养试验结果表明,日粮处理的生产性能差异未达统计学显著水平(P≥0.05),但与负对照比较,FA及FA+CF处理日增重分别降低5.7%、3.5%,料重比(FCR)分别上升4.3%、8.4%;而正对照1、2比负对照日增重分别提高8.98%、5.38%,FCR分别降低4.74%、上升1.70%。与负对照比较,FA处理还导致猪腹泻率及腹泻指数显著(P0.05)或极显著(P0.01)上升,FA及FA+CF处理分别降低养殖经济效益16.2%、15.13%。此结果显示,0.5%富马酸及0.5%的富马酸与甲酸钙复配剂不能起到饲用抗生素的促生长作用。     

疣粒野生稻保护、遗传特性及利用研究进展

疣粒野生稻(Oryza meyeriana Baill.)是稻属中保存较多原始性状特征的种类,对病害、虫害及非生物胁迫的抗性良好,尤其是高抗白叶枯病,蕴含大量优良基因,既可作为抗病、抗虫、耐旱和耐盐碱基因发掘及水稻育种的优良抗源材料,也可作为稻作高蛋白、高赖氨酸等改良稻米品质育种的优异种质资源;但疣粒野生稻(GG基因组)与栽培稻(AA基因组)亲缘关系较远,其遗传特性研究和发掘利用远落后于普通野生稻等其他野生稻.文章通过综述疣粒野生稻分类和命名、优异性状、遗传特性及其在水稻种质资源创新与利用等方面的研究进展,并探讨疣粒野生稻研究和利用过程中存在的困难,指出当前疣粒野生稻赖以生存的原生境不断遭到破坏,其生存形势已十分严峻,若现存的居群得不到有效保护,将会造成更多的资源流失;此外,疣粒野生稻基因组的复杂程度限制了其功能基因及基因家族的研究,同时增加了同源基因克隆的难度和准确度,致使疣粒野生稻有利基因的发掘和利用进程缓慢,以疣粒野生稻为亲本的育种研究非常有限.因此,今后要从以下3个方面加强疣粒野生稻研究:(1)重视疣粒野生稻的保护,加强保存、保护措施研究;(2)借助现代生物技术,包括第三代高通量测序技术、蛋白组学分析和代谢组学技术等开展疣粒野生稻优异性状调控机理研究,加强抗病、抗虫、耐旱及耐阴等功能基因的发掘.(3)加强疣粒野生稻杂交障碍和杂交后代不育研究,寻求克服杂交障碍及挽救杂交后代的方法,促进疣粒野生稻在水稻育种中的应用.     

OsHemA gene,encoding glutamyl-tRNA reductase(GluTR) is essential for chlorophyll biosynthesis in rice(Oryza sativa)

Chlorophyll(Chl) biosynthesis is essential for photosynthesis and plant growth. Glutamyl-tRNA reductase(GluTR) catalyzes glutamyl-tRNA into glutamate-1-semialdehyde(GSA) and initiates the chlorophyll biosynthesis. Even though the main role of GluTR has been established, the effects caused by natural variations in its corresponding gene remain largely unknown. Here, we characterized a spontaneous mutant in paddy field with Chl biosynthesis deficiency, designated as cbd1. With intact thylakoid lamellar structure, the cbd1 plant showed light green leaves and reduced Chl and carotenoids(Cars) content significantly compared to the wild type. By map-based gene cloning, the mutation was restricted within a 57-kb region on chromosome 10, in which an mPingA miniature inverted-repeat transposable element(MITE) inserted in the promoter region of OsHemA gene. Both leaf color and the pigment contents in cbd1 were recovered in a complementation test, confirming OsHemA was responsible for the mutant phenotype. OsHemA was uniquely predicted to encode GluTR and its expression level was dramatically repressed in cbd1. Transient transformation in protoplasts demonstrated that GluTR localized in chloroplasts and a signal peptide exists in its N-terminus. A majority of Chl biosynthesis genes, except for POR and CHLG, were down-regulated synchronously by the repression of OsHemA, suggesting that an attenuation occurred in the Chl biosynthesis pathway. Interestingly, we found major agronomic traits involved in rice yield were statistically unaffected, except for the number of full grains per panicle was increased in cbd1. Collectively, OsHemA plays an essential role in Chl biosynthesis in rice and its weak allele can adjust leaf color and Chls content without compromise to rice yield.     

玉米秸秆炭和典型农业废弃物混合成型与燃烧特性试验

以玉米秸秆炭和玉米秸秆、苹果枝、沼渣、菌渣为原料,在成型压力为6 MPa的条件下,研究了不同混配比例混合燃料的成型特性,并在此基础上探讨了特定混配比例下的混合样品燃烧特性。研究结果表明:农业废弃物质量分数、种类对混合成型燃料稳定性均有影响,农业废弃物占70%比例时混合成型燃料的抗跌碎强度均大于99.50%;玉米秸秆对成型燃料的稳定性影响最为明显,其质量分数大于30%时,成型燃料抗跌碎强度达到99.68%以上,而沼渣和菌渣质量分数大于50%时,其成型燃料的抗跌碎强度分别超过99.11%和99.71%;苹果枝质量分数大于60%,其成型燃料抗跌碎强度超过99.34%;4种成型燃料的能量密度与原料相比分别提高14.93、11.36、11.74、14.53 GJ/m~3;堆积密度分别提高792.99、596.92、605.63、820.12 kg/m~3。该研究为农业废弃物新型成型燃料的开发提供了基础支撑。     

溪荪新品种‘芭蕾女’

 ‘芭蕾女’是从溪荪（Iris sanguinea）田间自然杂交实生后代中选育出的新品种。2年生植株盛花期株高60 cm 左右，冠幅近52 cm，每株丛花葶数18 ~ 25，单葶花2 ~ 3朵。花形独特优美，盛开时外花被平展，内花被垂直向上，花色为蓝紫色，花径约9 cm，连续花期 20 d 左右。可在哈尔滨地区露地越冬，适宜推广应用到北方地区栽培。     

Comparative analysis of different methods revealing the involvement of proteins during ageing of rice seeds

Seed longevity is a very important characteristic controlling seed quality. However, the mechanism underlying this characteristic is poorly understood. In this study, 'FH7185', a storable rice variety, the germination rate of which was 66.63%, much higher than the control after artificial ageing under relative humidity 88% and 42°C for 21 days. Different methods were applied to reveal the involvement of proteins during ageing of rice seeds. In total, 35 differential proteins were identified from 2D‐PAGE, and 3,719 proteins from iTRAQ analysis. A comparison of these two methods showed that not all protein types could be detected on the 2D‐PAGE gels, and the dynamic range was somewhat limited. So the comprehensive proteome map from the iTRAQ analysis was used to identify the quantitatively regulated proteins that played roles in seed longevity, and found that the most marked change was the increased abundance of many metabolic enzymes, especially the ones involved in α‐linolenic acid metabolism in the embryos during ageing. OsLOX2 and OsLOX3 had a negative effect on seed longevity, which were lower in FH7185 than the control. The dehydrogenase (LOC_Os07g44430) which played a major catalytic role in lipid peroxidation, also changed significantly during ageing. Therefore, OsLOX2, OsLOX3 and Loc_OS 07G44430 may be involved in the regulation of seed longevity with a synergistic effect.