新疆草畜联营合作社绩效评价指标体系的构建及验证

为给草畜联营合作社的绩效评价提供科学依据,同时充实农业专业合作社绩效评价的理论体系,通过对新疆昌吉州20个草畜联营合作社的实地调查,分析合作社的发展现状,明确提出草畜联营合作社绩效评价的原则、思路及方法,从经济效益、社会效益、生态效益和可持续发展效益4个方面建立了草畜联营合作社绩效评价指标体系;利用因子分析法对该绩效评价指标体系进行合理性检验。结果表明：4个方面主因子对应特征值的累计贡献率达82．35％。说明,设计的绩效评价指标基本上包含了影响草畜联营合作社绩效的绝大部分信息。经验证,该评价指标体系较合理。     

农田秸秆覆盖率检测方法与试验

针对秸秆覆盖率检测准确率易受光照不均匀影响以及现有检测方法对无秸秆图像检测精度较差的问题,提出一种基于图像行平均灰度标准差分类及图像分块可变阈值检测法。首先通过计算图像的行平均灰度标准差对图像进行分类,将标准差小于阈值的图像判断为无秸秆覆盖;然后将标准差大于阈值的图像划分成多个子块,对每个子块分别采用最大类间方差法进行阈值分割;最后将所有子块重新组合,用基本的形态学法计算目标图像的秸秆覆盖率。试验结果表明,该方法在很大程度上减少光照不均匀对检测结果的影响,对秸秆均匀分布图像的检测误差为2.87%,对无秸秆覆盖图像的检测误差为0.45%,能够提高农田秸秆覆盖率检测方法的适用性。     

树形对鲜黄梨果实糖积累及山梨醇转化相关酶活性的影响

以鲜黄梨为试材,应用WinsCanopy2005a冠层分析仪和光合测定仪对平棚形、V字形和疏散分层形3种树形的冠层结构特点和光合能力进行比较,测定果实发育过程中糖分含量及山梨醇转化酶活性,研究树形对果实中糖分积累及山梨醇转化相关酶活性的影响。结果表明:平棚形冠层开度和冠下直射、散射及总光合光量子通量密度显著高于其他2种树形,其透光性最好,光合能力最强。果实中可溶性总糖、葡萄糖、果糖、蔗糖、山梨醇的含量及山梨醇转化酶活性均以平棚形最高,V字形次之,疏散分层形最低且差异显著。果实在发育前期均以积累山梨醇和淀粉为主,后期以积累果糖为主;山梨醇脱氢酶和山梨醇氧化酶在果实发育早中期活性逐渐增加,后期二者活性降低,但较前期高。     

Structural profiling and quantification of sphingomyelin in human breast milk by HPLC-MS/MS

The sphingolipid composition of food as well as of physiological samples has received considerable interest due to their positive biological activities. This study quantified the total amount of sphingomyelin (SM) in 20 human breast milk samples from healthy volunteers and determined the structures of SM by detailed mass spectrometric studies in combination with enzymatic cleavage. The quantification of SM was performed by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (HILIC-HPLC-ESI-MS/MS) measuring the characteristic fragment ion of the phosphorylcholine group at m/z 184.2 and by using hexanoylsphingomyelin (C6-SM) and heptadecanoylsphingomyelin (C17-SM) as internal standards. The structures of SM species were identified after enzymatic cleavage with alkaline sphingomyelinase (SMase) to the corresponding ceramides. Structure elucidation of the sphingoid base and fatty acid backbone was performed by reversed-phase HPLC-ESI-MS/MS. The method includes the sphingoid bases dihydrosphingosine (d18:0), sphingosine (d18:1(Δ4)), 4,8-sphingadienine (d18:2(Δ4,8)), 4-hydroxysphinganine (phytosphingosine (t18:0)), and 4-hydroxy-8-sphingenine (t18:1(Δ8)) and fatty acids with even-numbered carbon atoms (C12-C26) as well as their (poly)unsaturated and monohydroxylated analogues. The total amount of SM in human breast milk varied from 3.87 to 9.07 mg/100 g fresh weight. Sphingosine (d18:1) was the predominant sphingoid base, with 83.6 ± 3.5% in human breast milk, followed by 4,8-sphingadienine (d18:2) (7.2 ± 1.9%) and 4-hydroxysphinganine (t18:0) (5.7 ± 0.7%). The main SM species contained sphingosine and palmitic acid (14.9 ± 2.2%), stearic acid (12.7 ± 1.5%), docosanoic acid (16.2 ± 3.6%), and tetracosenoic acid (15.0 ± 3.1%). Interestingly, the fatty acid composition of SM species in this study differs from the total fatty acids in human breast milk, and the fatty acids are not consistently distributed among the different sphingoid bases.     

玉米果穗图像单一特征的品种鉴别力评价

寻找新的果穗性状并评价它们单独鉴别品种的能力,是玉米新品种特异性、一致性和稳定性（DUS）测试研究的重要内容。采集了4个品种各50个果穗的RGB图像,用图像处理法提取了4大类形态特征共计145个性状,逐一性状对品种进行判别分析,以性状的品种识别率表示性状鉴别品种的能力大小。单一性状的品种识别率变化在0.244～0.634之间,在前17个高鉴别力性状中,果穗长宽比等具有与指南性状同等的甚至更高的品种区分能力。单一性状的广义遗传力一般都小于0.66,且与鉴别力高度一致（y = 0.29 + 0.44x, r=0.897, P<0.01）。总体上,四大属性的鉴别力从大到小依次为形状类>纹理类>颜色类>大小类。从受试的145个特征中筛选出许多具有较高品种鉴别能力的性状,可望应用于玉米新品种DUS测试工作。     

Population Statistics and Biological Traits of Endangered Kiso Horse

The objective of this study was to clarify the current status of endangered Kiso horse, population statistics and biological traits, in order to take a step for the conservation by scientific approach. We surveyed 125 Kiso horses (86.2% of the whole breed), analyzed the construction of the population, and calculated the coefficient of inbreeding and effective population size. Moreover, we confirmed coat color variations and the traditional traits of the Kiso horse, and measured their height at the withers and chest circumference to clarify their physical characteristics. The population pyramid of the horses was stationary or contractive, suggesting a reduction of the population in the near future. The effective population size of the horse (47.9) suggested that the diversity was much less than their census size, and the high coefficient of inbreeding, 0.11 ± 0.07 on average, suggested that the horses were surely inbred. The horses had only 4 coat colors; bay, dark bay, buckskin dun, and chestnut, and 116 horses (92.8%) were bayish color, suggesting the fixation in their coat color. Moreover, the majority of them had dorsal stripe (83 horses; 66.4%), and the average heights at withers(131.9 ± 4.4 cm) and chest circumference (167.1 ± 10.1 cm) were not significantly different between males and females.     

Weaner production with low antimicrobial usage: a descriptive study

Background

Health, productivity and antimicrobial use in the production of pigs are expected to be interrelated to some extent. Previous studies on register-based data have investigated these correlations with a subsequent large variation residing at the farm level. In order to study such farm factors in more detail we designed an elaborate interview-guide. By in-depth interviews of farmers with well-managed 7–30 kg (weaner) productions we sought to describe a set of common key-factors characterizing their management practices. Identification of such common practices could be used in follow-up projects, investigating whether identified factors really are characteristic for good-practicing famers.

Results

Eleven farms were selected for a farm visit and in-depth interview. Participating farms used less antimicrobials than the national median (8.2 animal daily doses/100 weaners/day), had a mortality below the national average (2.9%) and an average daily weight gain above the national average (443 g/day). Similarities were observed among participating farms, including the sectioning of farms, use of all-in-all-out procedures with subsequent cleaning, purchasing 7 kg weaners from only one source, as well as active participation in management by a committed farm owner. Most farmers had a specific point of focus in their management, and were convinced that this was the reason for their success. This included; feeding, treatment strategy, refurbishment of facilities and presence in the shed.

Conclusion

According to register data, participating farms were alike; in the good league regarding use of antimicrobials, mortality and daily growth. However, on-farm interviews elucidated more heterogeneity among farmers than expected. Most of the farmers had a specific point of focus, which they considered to be crucial for their good results. These results indicate the importance of non-registerable factors, highlighting the value of qualitative study techniques in the understanding of human actions. Further studies on the effect of various farmer types are recommended.     

茶树八氢番茄红素脱氢酶cDNA全长克隆与表达分析

八氢番茄红素脱氢酶是类胡萝卜素生物合成途径的关键酶之一。本实验采用3’/5’RACE和RTPCR技术成功扩增出茶树八氢番茄红素脱氢酶基因（PDS）的3’端和5’端序列,序列拼接获得全长cDNA序列,命名为CsPDS,并将其登录至GenBank,登录号KF646537。经生物信息学分析,所得基因cDNA序列全长为2295 bp,开放阅读框（ORF）1749 bp,编码582个氨基酸,预测分子量约为64.86 kDa,理论等电点（PI）为6.77,属于亲水性蛋白。该基因编码的氨基酸序列与柿树PDS序列的同源性达到87%,多序列比对表明茶树PDS具有高度保守区域,基于邻接法的进化树显示与柿树、葡萄的亲缘关系最近。实时荧光定量PCR分析结果显示,CsPDS在‘黄金芽’体内表达没有受抑制,表明‘黄金芽’黄色白化可能不是在CsPDS基因转录水平异常而引起。     

花期不同打尖层数对蚕豆农艺性状及产量的影响

对2个蚕豆品种进行花期打尖处理,研究其主要农艺性状及产量的差异,提出花期打尖处理的最适层数,为蚕豆高产高效栽培提供科学依据。结果表明,随着花期打尖层数的增加,蚕豆株高逐渐增加;单株总荚数、总分枝数（达蚕1号）、有效分枝数和百粒重均先增后减;始荚高度、单荚粒数、总分枝数（成胡15）、主茎节数和荚长受打尖处理影响较小;产量也呈先增加后降低的趋势,并在打尖层数为第8层时达到最大值。相关性分析表明,蚕豆产量与百粒重、有效分枝数和单株总荚数呈显著正相关（P<0.05）;株高与百粒重也呈显著正相关（P<0.05）。回归分析表明,打尖层数与蚕豆产量的关系均为开口向下的抛物线,最适打尖层数为第8~9层。     

板栗红粉病病原菌鉴定及其生物学特性研究

为明确板栗红粉病的病原及其生物学特性,采用组织分离法分离纯化病原菌,通过柯赫氏法则、形态学特征及分子生物学技术对病原菌进行鉴定,研究了温度、湿度、培养基、碳氮源、光照及pH对病原菌生长和产孢的影响。PDA培养基上病原菌菌丝生长初期为白色,后期菌丝中央橘粉色、边缘浅白色、具同心轮纹,分生孢子无色透明、单胞、梨形、表面光滑,有横膈膜0～1个,不具有纵膈膜,隔膜处缢缩。该病原菌ITS序列与粉红单端孢菌（Trichothecium roseum MN882763）的序列相似性为100%,结合形态学特征及分子生物学技术,板栗红粉病的致病菌为粉红单端孢菌（Trichothecium roseum）。该菌菌丝生长最适的碳源为阿拉伯树胶粉,氮源为蛋白胨,pH 8,温度为25 ℃,培养基为PDA培养基,光照条件为12 h光暗交替;产孢最适碳源为α-乳糖,氮源为蛋白胨,pH 7,温度为25 ℃,培养基为牛肉膏蛋白胨培养基,光照条件为12 h光暗交替,为该病的防治提供了科学依据。