A study on adsorption of poly(methyl methacrylate) on aluminium silicate

Effect of temperature, solvent power, and molecular weight on the adsorption of poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA) on aluminium silicate has been studied. Kinetics of adsorption have been also investigated at 30° and 45 °C. The values of rate constants at these temperatures are 1.4 · 10^?2 and 1.0 · 10^?2 min^?1 respectively. The adsorption data have been analysed according to the Langmuir and the Simha -Frisch -Eirich (SFE) isotherms. The results could be adequately explained in terms of the Langmuir isotherm.     

12-tungstophosphoric and 12-tungstosilicicacid supported onto hydrous zirconia for liquid phase tert-butylation of m-cresol

Supported 12-tungstophosphoricacid (12-TPA) and 12-tunstosilicicacid (12-TSA) were used as heterogeneous catalysts for liquid-phase tert-butylation of m-cresol, an industrial important reaction. Alkylation reactions have been carried out with supported 12-TPA by varying different parameters such as % loading of 12-tungstophosphoricacid onto support, mole ratio of alcohol to m-cresol, reaction temperature, amount of the catalyst, reaction time and calcination temperature to optimize the conditions. To see the effect of the acidity on the reaction, the same reaction was studied over supported 12-TSA. Both the catalysts give 100% selectivity for o-isomer with different % conversion. The difference in catalyst performance of both the catalyst was correlated with the value of total acidity as well as Bronsted acidity.     

Synthesis and characterization of butyl acrylate graft sodium salt of partially carboxymethylated starch

Graft copolymers were synthesized by graft copolymerization of butyl acrylate (BA) onto sodium salt of partially carboxymethylated starch (Na‐PCMS). Ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN), a redox initiator, was used for initiation of graft copolymerization reaction. All the experiments were run with Na‐PCMS having degree of substitution, DS = 0.35. The grafting reaction was characterized by parameters such as % total conversion (%Ct), % grafting (%G), % grafting efficiency (%GE), and % add‐on. Graft copolymers were characterized by infrared spectral analysis and scanning electron microscopy. Variables affecting graft copolymerization reaction such as nitric acid concentration, reaction time, reaction temperature, and ceric ion concentration were investigated. The results revealed that 0.3M CAN as initiator, 0.3M HNO₃, with reaction time 4–4.5 h at 25–30°C were found as suitable parameters for maximum yield of graft copolymerization reaction. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. JAppl Polym Sci 102: 3334–3340, 2006     

Frequency distributions of breaking load,tenacity, and ratio of cell wall thickness to ribbon width for single cotton fibers

Analysis of the frequency distributions of breaking load, tenacity, and ratio of cell wall thickness to ribbon width (C/R) for single cotton fibers in this study has indicated that they can all be represented by β-distributions. This suggests that a parallel model of element configurations exists in which there is a uniform distribution of elemental strengths in single cotton fibers before as well as after slack mercerization. In the case of breaking load and tenacity, the distributions are positively skewed and the skewness decreases on slack mercerization, suggesting that quite a few potentially weak places have been either completely removed or at least strengthened. The changes in C/R ratio on slack mercerization for cottons having a range of maturity have been examined and discussed. The dependence of properties such as breaking load, tenacity, and linear density on cell wall to ribbon width ratio (C/R) have also been studied.     

HYDRODYNAMIC STUDIES IN FISCHER-TROPSCH DERIVED WAXES IN A BUBBLE COLUMN

Gas hold-up and Sauter mean bubble diameter measurements were made in a 0.051 m diameter by 3 m long glass bubble column in the system, nitrogen-molten wax, with three different waxes (paraffin wax FT-300, Sasol's Arge wax and Mobil's reactor wax). Paraffin wax has a tendency to foam and gas hold-up is a strong function of gas distributor type, temperature and start-up procedure, whereas the reactor waxes do not foam and are much less affected by these variables, In experiments at 265°C with a 1.85 mm single hole orifice plate distributor the gas hold-ups were nearly the same for all three waxes. However, significant differences in Sauter mean bubble diameters were obtained in experiments with different waxes; FT-300 wax produced the smallest Sauter mean bubble diameters whereas Mobil's reactor wax produced the largest bubbles. Addition of 1-octadecanol and octadecanoic acid (up to 10wt%) to the FT-300 paraffin wax caused an increase in gas hold-up and a delay in the foam break-up in runs at 265°C with the 1.85 mm orifice plate distributor.     

Novel isocyanate-free self-curable cathodically depositable epoxy coatings: Influence of epoxy groups on coating properties

Novel self-curable cathodically depositable coatings were developed from glycidyl functional epoxy ester-acrylic graft co-polymer (EEAG) without using any external crosslinking agents. The EEAG-amine adducts (EEAGAs) were prepared by reacting EEAG with varying amount of diethanolamine (DEoA) which are neutralized with acid and dispersed in deionised water to give stable dispersion for cathodic electrodeposition (CED) coatings. The dispersions were cathodically electrodeposited on phosphated steel panels and thermally cured to give uniform coating. The coatings were evaluated for different mechanical, chemical and corrosion resistance properties. The coatings were evaluated for their thermal properties using thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA). The final properties of the coatings were found to be affected by the amount of amine reacted with epoxy. The coating films showed good overall performance properties for their use in coating industry.     

Viscosity of binary mixtures. I. mono-, di-, and tri-n-butyl and -n-octylamine with cyclohexane

Viscosities for six binary mixtures of n-butylamine, di-n-butylamine, tri-n-butylamine, n-octylamine, di-n-octylamine, and tri-n-octylamine with cyclohexane have been measured at 303.15 K with an Ubbelohde suspendedlevel viscometer. Deviations of viscosities from a rectilinear dependence on mole fraction are attributed to H-bonding and to the size of alkylamine compounds. The application of the Eyring's theory of activation energy is examined. The free volume theory of Prigogine-Flory-Patterson (PFP) and the experimental excess enthalpy have been used to estimate excess viscosity ln = (ln / ₁ ⁰ – x ₂ ln ₂ ⁰ / ₁ ⁰ ) and corresponding free volume, enthalpy, and entropy contributions for five binary mixtures of tri-n-alkylamine: triethyl, tripropyl, tributyl, trihexyl, and trioctylamine with cyclohexane. A comparison of experimental and theoretical excess viscosities indicates a failure of the PFP theory when two components of the mixture differ considerably in size. The size difference contribution to excess viscosity is related to (V ₂ ^*1/2 – V ₁ ^*1/2 ), where V ₁ ^* and V ₂ ^* are hard-core volumes of two components of the mixture.     

INTRODUCTION TO INCONEL ALLOY 740: AN ALLOY DESIGNED FOR SUPERHEATER TUBING IN COAL-FIRED ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL BOILERS

1. IntroductionW hile w orldw ide environm entalrestrictionsare requiring pow ercom paniesto reduce SO x,N O x andCO 2 em issions, econom ic pressuresare sim ultaneously necessitating im provem entsin the therm aleffi-ciency ofallcoal-fired plants. A ddin…     

A century of discoveries, inventors, and new nickel alloys

The 20th century was an explosive period for the growth of the nickel industry beginning in 1906 with the development of Monel^® metal. What followed over the next 100 years was the invention of hundreds of new alloys uniquely designed for scores of applications in a multitude of industries. This paper acknowledges a number of the prolific inventors who pioneered new fields of alloy development. It also high-lights a long list of major metallurgical discoveries made by the metallurgists of the International Nickel Company.     

Formulation and development of ophthalmic in situ gel for the treatment ocular inflammation and infection using application of quality by design concept

Context: The conventional liquid ophthalmic delivery systems exhibit short pre-corneal residence time and the relative impermeability to the cornea which leads to poor ocular bioavailability.

Objective: The aim of this study was to apply quality by design (QbD) for development of dexamethasone sodium phosphate (DSP) and tobramycin sulfate (TS)-loaded thermoresponsive ophthalmic in situ gel containing Poloxamer 407 and hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) K4M for prolonging the pre-corneal residence time, ocular bioavability and decreases the frequency of administration of dosage form. The material attributes and the critical quality attributes (CQA) of the in situ gel were identified. Central composite design (CCD) was adopted to optimize the formulation.

Materials and methods: The ophthalmic in situ forming gels were prepared by cold method. Materials attributes were the amount of Poloxamer 407 and HPMC and CQA identified were Gel strength, mucoadhesive index, gelation temperature and % of drug release of both drug.

Results and discussion: Optimized batch (F*) containing 16.75% poloxamer 407 and 0.54% HPMC K4M were exhibited all results in acceptable limits. Compared with the marketed formulation, optimized in situ gel showed delayed T_max, improved C_max and AUC in rabbit aqueous humor, suggesting the sustained drug release and better corneal penetration and absorption.

Conclusion: According to the study, it could be concluded that DSP and TS would be successfully formulated as in situ gelling mucoadhesive system for the treatment of steroid responsive eye infections with the properties of sustained drug release, prolonged ocular retention and improved corneal penetration.