Simian virus 40 in humans

Simian virus 40 (SV40) is a monkey virus that was administered to human populations by contaminated vaccines which were produced in SV40 naturally infected monkey cells.     

Coma arousal procedure: A therapeutic intervention in the treatment of head injury

This study reports on the efficacy of a 'coma arousal procedure'. This procedure involved a programme of vigorous sensory stimulation administered to comatose patients by relatives using Comakits. An experimental group of 12 severely head-injured patients received the coma arousal procedure while a matched control group did not. Total duration of coma and weekly Glasgow Coma Scale Scores were recorded for the two groups. Results indicate that the total duration of coma was significantly shorter and that coma lightened more rapidly for the experimental group.     

The cause of child abuse and neglect and their effects on the development of children in Samaru Zaria, Nigeria

Every child despite his individual differences and uniqueness is to be considered of equal worth. He should therefore be entitled to equal social, economic, civil and political rights, so that he may fully realise his inherent potential and share equally in life (Gill, 1979).

Obviously, these values are rooted in the humanistic philosophy of any nation's declaration of independence. In accordance with these value premises therefore “any act of commission or ommission by individuals, institutions or the society as a whole, and any conditions which deprive children of equal rights and liberties and interfere with their optimal development, constitutes by definition abuse or neglectful acts or conditions” (Gill, 1979).

Child abuse is a significant contemporary community problem. Although children have been maltreated throughout history, our community has been silent in defence of abused children. Child abuse is not a phenomenon of the 20th Century nor is it unique to our society and culture alone. It has occurred throughout the recorded history of man. The future of any nation depends on its children and their capabilities. For this reason, they must be given a full chance.     

Positive predictive value of maximal posterior joint-line tenderness in diagnosing meniscal pathology: a pilot study

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this prospective study was to determine the positive predictive value (PPV) of the point of maximal posterior joint line tenderness (JLT), as a clinical sign, to diagnose underlying meniscal tears. METHODS: We conducted a prospective study of patients requiring arthroscopic surgery, who consecutively presented to the University of Calgary's Sport Medicine Centre. The femurotibial joint line was palpated for the point of maximal tenderness. We recorded the data on the arthroscopy report. A second examiner (orthopedic sport medicine surgical fellow or sport medicine physician) performed the same protocol. An arthroscopist documented the site of pathology as detected by arthroscopy. RESULTS: We found a PPV of 60.0% and a negative predictive value of 62.5%, suggesting that maximal posterior JLT may be predictive of meniscal pathology. The sensitivity and specificity were 84.6% and 31.2%, respectively (p = 0.155), with Fisher's exact test. The kappa score assessed interobserver reliability and was good at 0.48. Patients with maximal posterior JLT but no meniscal pathology did have other confounding pathology and patients with no maximal posterior JLT who had meniscal pathology usually had confounding knee pathology. CONCLUSIONS: We found a PPV of 60.0% of maximal posterior JLT and meniscal pathology located at the same anatomical site on arthroscopic examination.     

Haemophilia A: molecular insights.

Haemophilia A is the most common inherited bleeding disorder caused by defects in the F8C gene that encodes coagulation factor VIII. This X-linked recessive disorder occurs in approximately 1:5000 males. Haemophilia A is diagnosed based on normal prothrombin time, altered activated partial thromboplastin time and reduced factor VIII activity in plasma. Carrier females are usually asymptomatic and can be identified only by molecular analysis. The most frequent mutations in F8C are intron 22 and 1 inversions, which occur in approximately 50% and 5% of patients, respectively, with a severe phenotype. Large gene deletions are observed in approximately 5% of alleles from patients with severe haemophilia A. The remaining severe cases and all moderate and mild cases result from numerous point mutations and small insertions/deletions, which are de novo mutations in one-third of cases. Thus, molecular diagnosis of carrier status and prenatal diagnosis in families without intron 22 or 1 inversions is based on scanning techniques or gene sequencing. When the disease-causing mutation cannot be identified, molecular diagnosis is performed by linkage analysis of several DNA polymorphic markers linked to F8C. Given the clinical heterogeneity among haemophilic patients, many groups, including our own, have examined the relationships between prothrombotic gene variants and haemophilic phenotype to investigate whether prothrombotic gene variants modify clinical expression of the disease.     

Expression of CDX2 and MUC2 in Barrett's mucosa

Barrett's mucosa is a risk factor for esophageal adenocarcinoma and should be detected at an early stage. It is defined by the presence of columnar epithelium with goblet cells in the lower esophagus, but histologic diagnosis can be uncertain in the absence of distinct goblet cells. We investigated 55 biopsies from 48 patients with endoscopically plain Barrett's esophagus and performed immunohistochemistry for CDX2 and MUC2. In addition, alcian blue (pH 2,5)/PAS staining was done. In histologically unequivocal Barrett's mucosa, nuclear expression of CDX2 in goblet cells and many columnar cells, as well as cytoplasmic positivity for MUC2 in goblet cells, could be observed. Alcian blue (pH 2,5)/PAS stained acidic mucins in goblet cells and in some non-goblet columnar cells. In six cases, no definite Barrett's mucosa was present, and no expression of MUC2 could be observed. In these biopsies, there was granular cytoplasmic and/or focal nuclear staining for CDX2 in non-goblet columnar epithelial cells, indicating their intestinal differentiation. We suggest that this peculiar mucosa is the precursor of unequivocal Barrett's mucosa and would designate it early Barrett's mucosa. Alcian blue for acidic mucins is inconsistent in this epithelium and does not reliably indicate early intestinal differentiation.     

Open-field behavior, habituation and passive avoidance learning: Effect of ACTH and hydrocortisone on Normal and adrenalectomized rats

Exploratory behavior (GMA) and habituation rate (IH) were studied in an open-field situation in normal and adrenalectomized rats. Following this procedure the rats were subjected to passive avoidance learning (PA). Wide-spreading individual differences were observed in the exploratory behavior and the tendency of habituation of normal rats. As compared to the normal values, either the adrenalectomy which was performed 24 hr, 7 days and 28 days prior to the experiments or the ACTH and hydrocortisone treatment failed to modify the GMA and the IH significantly. An improvement of PA was found in the normal rats following ACTH and hydrocortisone treatment. In the adrenalectomized animals the hydrocortisone proved to be effective, whereas ACTH did not influence PA. No correlation was found between GMA, IH versus PA values and the influence of ACTH and hydrocortisone administration on these parameters. It is concluded that the direction of PA is unpredictable on the basis of the open-field test performed on R-Amsterdam strain of rats, and the effect of ACTH on passive avoidance learning is mediated through the adrenal glands.