Effect of lean growth genotype and dietary amino acid regimen on the lactational performance of sows

The effect of dietary amino acid regimen and genetic capacity for lean tissue growth on the lactational performance of sows was determined in primiparous sows with a high (350 to 390 g/d) or low (240 to 280 g/d) genetic capacity for lean tissue growth from 18 to 110 kg of body weight. During lactation, sows were offered daily 6.5 kg of one of four fortified corn-soybean meal diets containing .58, .77, .96, and 1.15% lysine (L). Litters were standardized to 14 pigs within 8 h after birth. On d 2 of lactation, the high lean growth (LG) sows possessed more proteinaceous tissues and protein and less fat tissue and lipid. During lactation (d 2 to 28 postpartum), high LG sows consumed more feed, mobilized more body protein, and lost less body lipid. Milk, milk energy, and milk lysine yields (pooled across dietary regimens) were similar between genotypes. As daily dietary lysine intakes increased from 27 to 62 g and total digestible lysine supplies (from diet and mobilized tissues) increased from 39 to 68 g, daily yields of milk, milk energy, and milk lysine increased, but the magnitude of the response differed (P < .05) between genotypes, evidently because of differences in the ability of the high and low LG sows to mobilize energy from body tissue. Based on these data, the lactational capacities of high and low LG sows nursing 12 to 14 pigs are similar when similar supplies of lysine and energy are available from dietary intake and mobilized body tissue stores. When supplies of ME do not limit milk synthesis, daily digestible lysine intakes of at least 54 g (> or = 66 g from a corn-soy diet) are needed by these sows nursing litters of 12 to 14 pigs to support milk synthesis and minimize maternal protein losses. This is equivalent to a total digestible lysine need of 4.3 to 4.6 g/kg of milk produced. When ME provided by the diet is less than that needed to fuel maximum milk synthesis, however, the dietary amino acid needs of genetically lean sows may be reduced because of their inability to mobilize sufficient body fat stores.     

2-Nitrophenylcarbamoyl-(S)-prolyl-(S)-3-(2-naphthyl)alanyl-N-benzyl-N - methylamide (SDZ NKT 343), a potent human NK1 tachykinin receptor antagonist with good oral analgesic activity in chronic pain models

A lead compound which had sub-micromolar affinity for the rabbit NK1 receptor but negligible affinity for rat NK1 receptors, 3a, was discovered by directed screening. 2-Substitution in the ring of the benzylthiourea substituent in the initial lead was found to be important, and halogens (Cl, Br) in this position were found to improve affinity for the human receptor. The activity of a series of 2-halo-substituted benzylthioureas was then optimized by modification of the proline diphenylmethyl amide, guided by a simple conceptual model based on structural overlay between these early antagonists and NK1 selective peptides. In this way, aromatic amino acid amides were identified which had improved affinity with respect to the starting diphenylmethyl (DPM) amides. The first sub-nanomolar ligand for the human NK1 receptor which arose from this series, 4af, combined a 2-chlorobenzylthiourea unit with a 2-naphthylalanine amide. Contemporaneously it was discovered that the benzylthiourea unit could be simplified to a phenylthiourea providing that an appropriate 2-substituent was also incorporated. Combination of these two series gave 2-NO2 phenylthiourea analogues which led directly to the analogous urea, 5f (2-nitrophenylcarbamoyl-(S)-prolyl-(S)-3-(2-naphthyl)alanyl-N-benz yl- N-methylamide, SDZ NKT 343), a highly potent ligand for the human NK1 receptor (Ki = 0.16 nM). In addition to its high in vitro potency, 5f proved to be a potent orally active analgesic in guinea pig models of chronic inflammatory and neuropathic pain. The nature of the 2-aryl substituent was found to be critical for oral activity in this series. Clinical evaluation of 5f as a novel analgesic agent is currently underway.     

Denitrification from drinking water using a membrane bioreactor: chemical and biochemical feasibility

Interest is growing in developing membrane bioreactors (MBRs) to replace ion exchange for nitrate removal from drinking water. However, few published studies have successfully managed to retain exogenous or biologically derived carbon. This study determined an optimum C:N by substrate breakthrough rather than maximum nitrate removal. By dosing 相似文献   

An alternative method for spectral response measurements of large‐area thin‐film photovoltaic modules

A new method for the spectral response measurement of large‐area single and multi‐junction thin‐film photovoltaic modules is presented, making use of a chopped monochromatic beam produced from a continuous source with band pass filters and lock‐in technique. The beam is projected onto part of the test module and superimposed over continuous bias light of variable colour. The procedure for the determination of the absolute spectral response is presented, and the influence of the intrinsic non‐uniformity of the monochromatic beam is investigated. The results obtained are compared with those from two other methods of spectral response measurement, providing a validation of the proposed experimental setup. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Solar cell efficiency tables (Version 38)

Consolidated tables showing an extensive listing of the highest independently confirmed efficiencies for solar cells and modules are presented. Guidelines for inclusion of results into these tables are outlined and new entries since January, 2011 are reviewed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Incidence of Legionella organisms in selected ontario (Canada) cities

The distribution of Legionella pneumophila in water inside buildings was examined by means of culture methods. Cooling tower sumps and condenser valves harboured the organism at the highest frequency and in the highest concentrations. The bacterium was also frequently isolated from potable water systems, including hot and cold mixed taps, drinking water fountains and showers. When water quality parameters were examined, only elevated pH, total particulate nitrogen and alkalinity were correlated with the occurrence of L. pneumophila. Survival of the organism in water was increased at slightly basic pH and lower temperatures. The proliferation of the organism in water within buildings is probably due to a number of interrelated environmental factors that influence its survival and growth.     

Modules,objects and distributed programming: Issues in RPC and remote object invocation

Distributed programming can be greatly simplified by language support for distributed communication, such as that provided by remote procedure call (RPC) or remote object invocation. This paper examines design and implementation issues in these systems, and focuses on the influence of the communication system on a distributed program. To make the discussion concrete, we introduce a single application as implemented in two environments: Modula-2+, an extension of Modula-2 with RPC, and Emerald, an object-based language that supports remote object invocation. We show that small differences in the implementation of the communication system can have a significant impact on how distributed applications are structured.     

Comparative analysis of the life cycle impact assessment of available cement inventories in the EU

Life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) is one of basic steps in life cycle assessment methodology (LCA). This paper presents a comparative study of the LCIA of different life cycle inventories (LCI) for EU cements. The analysis unit used is the manufacture of 1 kg of cement, from “cradle to gate”. The impact categories considered are those resulting from the manufacture of cement and include greenhouse effects, acidification, eutrophication and summer and winter smog, amongst others.The results of the study highlighted some inconsistencies in existing inventories. As for the LCIA, the main environmental interventions related to cement manufacture were classified and characterised and their effect on different impact categories analysed. Differences observed in evaluation of the impact of cement type were essentially related to their clinker content.     

Timing Characteristics of Large Coaxial Ge(Li) Detectors for Coincidence Experiments

The high efficiencies of large volume 'coaxial' Ge(Li) detectors make them attractive for coincidence experiments. However the electric field in this configuration is not uniform and hence the charge collection times vary widely as a function of position in the detector. The resultant variations in output pulse shape limit coincidence resolving times. In our studies one 511 keV annihilation quantum (22Na source) was detected in a scintillation counter to establish the zero (start) time and its partner in the Ge(Li) detector (at 1500 V) was accepted only when a full energy pulse was registered. The stop pulse to the timesorter was generated by the leading edge of the Ge(Li) preamplifier pulse at ~ 10% (50 keV) of maximum amplitude. Scanning the detector with a 1 mm wide collimated ?-beam resulted in time distributions whose full widths at half-maximum (fwhm) were ~ 8 nsec in the coaxial region of the detector broadening to ~ 35 nsec at the closed end. The distributions are skew in shape with long approximately exponential tails having half value slopes of ~ 5 to ~ 20 nsec. Similar studies with stop pulses generated at ~ 50% of maximum amplitude show much broader time distributions. The position variation in pulse shapes due to charge collection time was confirmed from oscilloscope photographs by triggering with the scintillation counter 'start' pulse.