Microstructure and hardness studies of the electron beam welded zone of Hastelloy C-276

Electron beam welding (EBW) technique is becoming popular in nuclear, chemical and aerospace industries due to its high penetration depth and fast cooling rate. Samples of Hastelloy C-276 have been welded by electron beam (EB). A scanning electron microscope (SEM) having the attachment of an energy dispersive system (EDS) has been employed to study the resulting microstructure and micro-eutectic phases. The microstructure of the molten zone (MZ) is found to be of fine lamellar type. The hardness of the MZ is found to be 35% higher compared to as-received alloy. The micro-eutectoids are rich in Mo and W. The X-ray diffraction patterns of the MZ show shifting of peaks towards higher angle compared to the diffraction pattern of the as-received alloy. Broadening of the peaks is also observed in the diffraction pattern of the MZ. Formation of the μ-phase was observed in the MZ after a tempering treatment at 950 °C.     

Processing, microstructure, properties and wear behavior of in situ synthesized TiB2 and TiC thick films on steel substrates

TiB₂ and TiC reinforced Fe matrix thick films (2 mm thickness) were produced through the synthesis reaction from Ti, C and FeB powders with varying porosity on the steel substrates. Powder technology was used as a processing method. The films and the substrates were sintered in a single step. TiB₂, TiC and Fe were detected in the films by X-ray diffraction analysis. The fact that no other reaction product was detected revealed the thermal stability of TiB₂ and TiC. The formation of secondary reaction products was inhibited during the reactive sintering. The films showed maximum strength of 163-466 MPa when sintered separately at 1350 °C. The strength of the films varied with their porosity. The films showed considerable bonding strength with the steel substrates. The delamination of the films from the steel substrates was observed at stress values from 454-781 MPa. The microstructure, fracture and delaminated surface morphologies were studied. The wear resistance against hardened high speed steel was studied in reciprocating sliding tests. The wear mechanisms were discussed by means of microscopical observation on the worn surfaces.     

Plastic deformation of Ni-Cr single crystals

Single crystals of nickel containing up to 21.5 at pct Cr have been deformed in tension over the temperature interval 78 to 623°K. The critical resolved shear stress of alloys containing up to 9 at. pct Cr in the region of the athermal plateau can be fitted into aC ^1/2 andC ^2/3 relationship whereC is the concentration of chromium. The observed magnitude of hardening, however is larger than that predicted by the theory of Fleischer or that of Labusch. Rapid solution hardening in alloys having 9 to 21.5 pct Cr arises due to the presence of short range order. The work hardening parameters are examined and the temperature and strain rate dependence of the stress at the onset of dynamic recovery has been used to evaluate the stacking fault energy as a function of chromium content.     

A comparative study of the stress field around a reinforced and an unreinforced normal intersection of two cylindrical shells

The results of a comparative study of the effects of reinforcement on the stress fields in the critical intersection region of two normally intersecting cylindrical shells are presented. The results for in-plane and out-of-plane moments have been obtained experimentally by the use of electrical resistance foil gages, and numerically by the use of a three-dimensional finite element program. The finite element analysis also includes internal pressure loading. A comparison of results obtained by using a thin shell element with six degrees of freedom at each of the four nodes (three displacements and three rotations) and a three-dimensional element with three displacement degrees of freedom at each of the eight nodes, is also given.     

Thermo-physical properties of coal under transient conditions

Coal samples were obtained along the vertical axis in an eight-inch diameter experimental moving bed coal gasifier. This system had a throughput of half a tonne of sized (6 × 20 mm) coal per day. The specific heat and thermal conductivity were measured using the line heat-source method with a transient sample temperature. The coal sample was heated at a rate of 4 K/min during the property measurement. The heat capacity and thermal conductivity were obtained from an iterative fit of the experimental data to the heat conduction equation taking due account of the probe size and contact resistance. The apparatus was tested with samples of known properties such as alumina powder and glass micro-beads. The measurements reported here cover the range from 300–700 K. Effects of surface moisture and pyrolysis reactions can be identified. The results are compared with data in the literature measured at constant sample temperatures. The line source technique is well suited to transient property measurements.     

An experimental investigation into uncatalyzed oxidation of toluene and pseudocumene by sulfur dioxide

The uncatalyzed oxidation of toluene and pseudocumene by sulfur dioxide has been studied at pressures ranging from 200 to 300 atm; and at tempratures from 250 to 350°C. It was found that under these conditions, toluene is readily oxidized and that the main oxidation product is benzoic acid. Pseudocumene, however, oxidizes to mono- and di-carboxylic acids rather than to trimellitic acid. Power law rate equations are proposed for the two oxidations. Activation energy for toluene oxidation is estimated to be 47.6 Kcal/gm. mole while for pseudocumene oxidation the value is 71.2 Kcal/gm. mole.     

Modification and abolition of re-entry within the His-Purkinje system in man by diphenylhydantoin

The phenomenon of macrore-entry (Re) within the His-Purkinje system (HPS) was consistently observed in 10 of 19 patients during retrograde refractory period studies. Effects of intravenous infusion of diphenylhydantoin (DPH) on Re were studied in these 10 patients 10 minutes after completion of infusion (mean plasma level equal to 17.0 microgram/ml). Diphenylhydantoin modified determinants of Re in seven patients (group I) and abolished Re in the remaining three patients (group II). In group I, DPH shortened the critical V1 V2 from 310.0 +/- 30.5 to 292.9 +/- 25.6 msec (P less than 0.025) and critical V2 H2 intervals for Re from 201.4 +/- 18.4 to 185.0 +/- 13.8 msec (P greater than 0.05). In group II, DPH abolished Re in two of three patients by precluding attainment of critical V2 H2 intervals whereas Re was abolished in the remaining one patient despite attainment of critical V2 H2 intervals (vs control). For both groups, DPH significantly shortened functional and effective refractory periods of the HPS (P less than 0.001 and less than 0.01, respectively) without significantly affecting the effective refractory period of the ventricular muscle. Diphenylhydantoin either completely abolished or significantly shortened the retrograde gap zones in the HPS. It is concluded that diphenylhydantoin significantly shortens His-Purkinje system refractoriness, abolishing Re in the patients with higher degree of improvement in refractoriness.     

Uroporphyria induced by 5-aminolaevulinic acid alone in Ahrd SWR mice

In mice, depression of hepatic uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase (UROD) leading to porphyrin accumulation (uroporphyria) occurs with chlorinated ligands of the aryl hydrocarbon (AH) receptor especially after iron overload. However, in the absence of chlorinated ligands, iron itself will eventually cause uroporphyria, but this response is not associated with the Ahr genotype. These effects are potentiated by administration of the haem precursor 5-aminolaevulinate (ALA). The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of ALA alone. Prolonged administration of 2 mg ALA/mL in the drinking water to SWR mice also led to decarboxylase insufficiency (11% of control) and uroporphyria by 8 weeks, whereas DBA/2 mice did not show reduced enzyme activity. Both strains are considered AH nonresponsive and analysis of the Ahr gene using restriction fragment length polymorphism was consistent with SWR, like DBA/2, possessing the Ahrd allele. Exposure of isolated hepatocytes to ALA (150-500 microM) for up to 48 hr showed a significant accumulation of both uroporphyrin and coproporphyrin in the medium, which for uroporphyrin particularly was significantly greater with SWR than with DBA/2 cells. Basal in vivo CYP1A2 activity, measured as microsomal methoxyresorufin dealkylation, was significantly greater in SWR than in DBA/2 mice (1.3-fold), but it was unclear whether this was sufficient to explain the marked difference in sensitivities of the two strains. Despite SWR mice being AH nonresponsive, uroporphyria and decarboxylase depression after an initial iron overload and ALA for 3 weeks were greatly potentiated by a single dose (100 mg/kg) of hexachlorobenzene (a weak AH ligand). The results demonstrate that there is a genetic difference in mice independent of the Ahr genotype and response to iron, which influences the susceptibility to ALA-induced uroporphyria. Thus chemicals, iron and ALA can act independently, but also together, to cause porphyria in susceptible individuals.     

Laser beam machining of zirconia ceramic: An investigation of micro-machining geometry and surface roughness

Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology - Micro-machining of dental ceramics namely as zirconium oxide is carried out through laser beam machining. Micro-channels of different sizes are...     

以猪小肠黏膜提取物作为α-葡萄糖苷酶和二肽基肽酶IV的酶活力分析体系的建立

α-葡萄糖苷酶和二肽基肽酶IV（dipeptidyl peptidase 4,DPP-4）是II型糖尿病治疗中2 种重要的靶向酶。这两种商品化酶价格昂贵且主要来源于微生物,难以有效用于两种酶抑制剂的筛选,而这两种酶均普遍存在哺乳动物的小肠中。为了获得经济有效、来源于哺乳动物体内的α-葡萄糖苷酶和DPP-4,本研究收集新鲜的猪小肠黏膜分泌物及上皮细胞,对比分析了猪小肠不同部位黏膜提取物的α-葡萄糖苷酶和DPP-4的活力。以猪小肠黏膜提取物作为α-葡萄糖苷酶和DPP-4的酶反应体系,并且利用这两种酶的阳性药（阿卡波糖和抑二肽素A（diprotin A,IPI））分别进行了抑制率验证和评价。阿卡波糖对商品和猪回肠源α-葡萄糖苷酶的半数有效抑制质量浓度（median inhibition concentration,IC50）分别是1.102 4、0.244 7 mg/mL;IPI对商品和猪回肠源DPP-4的IC50分别为19.119 7、41.268 4 μg/mL。通过比较发现,猪回肠黏膜提取物的α-葡萄糖苷酶和DPP-4比活力分别为0.084 1、0.053 4 U/mg,在3 种黏膜提取物中均为最高,因此选择猪回肠黏膜提取物作为商品化α-葡萄糖苷酶和DPP-4的替代物进行抑制剂的筛选。