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61.
Bioaccumulation, temporal trend, and geographical distribution of synthetic musks in the marine environment 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Nakata H Sasaki H Takemura A Yoshioka M Tanabe S Kannan K 《Environmental science & technology》2007,41(7):2216-2222
Bioaccumulation of synthetic musks in a marine food chain was investigated by analyzing marine organisms at various trophic levels, including lugworm, clam, crustacean, fish, marine mammal, and bird samples collected from tidal flat and shallow water areas of the Ariake Sea, Japan. Two of the polycyclic musks, HHCB and AHTN, were the dominant compounds found in most of the samples analyzed, whereas nitro musks were not detected in any of the organisms, suggesting greater usage of polycyclic musks relative to the nitro musks in Japan. The highest concentrations of HHCB were detected in clams (258-2730 ng/g lipid wt.), whereas HHCB concentrations in mallard and black-headed gull were low, and comparable with concentrations in fish and crab. These results are in contrast to the bioaccumulation pattern of polychlorinated biphenyls; for which a positive correlation between the concentration and the trophic status of organisms was found. Such a difference in the bioaccumulation is probably due to the metabolism and elimination of HHCB in higher trophic organisms. Temporal trends in concentrations of synthetic musks were examined by analyzing tissues of marine mammals from Japanese coastal waters collected during 1977-2005. HHCB concentrations in marine mammals have shown significant increase since the early 1990s, suggesting a continuous input of this compound into the marine environment. Comparison of the time trend for HHCB with those for PCBs and PBDEs suggested that the rates of increase in HHCB concentrations were higher than the other classes of pollutants. To examine the geographical distribution of HHCB, we have analyzed tissues of fish, marine mammals, and birds collected from several locations. Synthetic musks were not detected in a sperm whale (pelagic species) from Japanese coastal water and in eggs of south polar skua from Antarctica. While the number of samples analyzed is limited, these results imply a lack of long-range transportation potential of synthetic musks in the environment. 相似文献
62.
Design of a photocatalyst for bromate decomposition: surface modification of TiO2 by pseudo-boehmite
The rate of BrO3- reduction by a commercial TiO2 photocatalyst under UV illumination in an aqueous solution was increased by lowering the pH from 7 to 5. The effect is attributable to an enhancement of the electrical interaction between BrO3- and the positively charged surfaces of the TiO2 photocatalyst. The surface charge can be controlled by a surface modification of the TiO2 photocatalyst without controlling the pH of the water. In fact, the isoelectric point of surface-modified TiO2 was higher than that of the unloaded TiO2 photocatalyst, resulting in an increase in the rate of the photocatalytic reduction of BrO3- at a neutral pH. This increase is explained by an increase in the amount of adsorbed BrO3- on the photocatalyst surface. 相似文献
63.
Maeda-Yamamoto M Saito T Nesumi A Tokuda Y Ema K Honma D Ogino A Monobe M Murakami A Murakami A Tachibana H 《Journal of the science of food and agriculture》2012,92(11):2379-2386
BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of leaf order or crop season on anthocyanins and other chemicals in the anthocyanin‐rich tea cultivar ‘Sunrouge’ (Camellia sinensis x C. taliensis) by using high‐performance liquid chromatography, and to study the effect of ‘Sunrouge’ extract on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in human neuroblastoma SK‐N‐SH cells. RESULTS: The total anthocyanin content was higher in the third (3.09 mg g?1) than in the second (2.24 mg g?1) or first crop season (1.79 mg g?1). The amount of anthocyanins contained in the stem was high (1.61 mg g?1). In the third crop season, the concentrations of delphinidin‐3‐O‐β‐D ‐(6‐(E)‐p‐coumaroyl)galactopyranoside (DCGa), cyanidin‐3‐O‐β‐D ‐(6‐(E)‐p‐coumaroyl)galactopyranoside, delphinidin‐3‐O‐β‐D ‐galactopyranoside, delphinidin‐3‐O‐β‐D ‐(6‐O‐(Z)‐p‐coumaroyl)galactopyranoside, cyanidin‐3‐O‐β‐D ‐galactoside, and delphinidin‐3‐O‐β‐D ‐glucoside were 1.57 mg g?1, 0.52 mg g?1, 0.40 mg g?1, 0.22 mg g?1, 0.14 mg g?1, and 0.11 mg g?1, respectively. DCGa accounted for about 50% of the anthocyanins present. The suppressive effect of ‘Sunrouge’ water extract on AChE activity in human neuroblastoma SK‐N‐SH cells was the strongest among the three tea cultivars (‘Sunrouge’, ‘Yabukita’ and ‘Benifuuki’). CONCLUSION: These results suggested that ‘Sunrouge’ might protect humans from humans from AChE‐related diseases by suppressing AChE activity. To obtain sufficient amounts of anthocyanins, catechins and/or caffeine for a functional food material, ‘Sunrouge’ from the third crop season should be used. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
64.
Akira Inoue 《国际自动化与计算杂志》2010,7(2):213-218
In this paper, robust stability of nonlinear plants represented by non-symmetric Prandtl-Ishlinskii (PI) hysteresis model is studied. In general, PI hysteresis model is the weighted superposition of play or stop hysteresis operators, and the slopes of the operators are considered to be the same. In order to make a hysteresis model, a modified form of non-symmetric play hysteresis operator with unknown slopes is given. The hysteresis model is described by a generalized Lipschitz operator term and a bounded parasitic term. Since the generalized Lipschitz operator is unknown, a new condition using robust right coprime factorization is proposed to guarantee robust stability of the controlled plant with the hysteresis nonlinearity. As a result, based on the proposed robust condition, a stabilized plant is obtained. A numerical example is presented to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method. 相似文献
65.
Infrared study of catalytic reduction of lean NOx with alcohols over alumina-supported silver catalyst 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Two intense IR absorption bands due to surface isocyanate (-NCO) species have been observed at 2262 and 2232 cm–1 when an alumina-supported silver catalyst is exposed to a mixture of NO, O2 and ethanol at 150°C and subsequently heated to > 300°C in vacuum. The intensity of the isocyanate band is hardly affected by the water existing in the mixture. Methanol is less reactive than ethanol for the formation of isocyanate species. The reaction mechanism of catalytic reduction of lean NOx with alcohols is discussed based on these IR spectroscopic findings. 相似文献
66.
Porous Cr3 C2 grains (∼300 to 500 μm) with ∼10 wt% of Cr2 O3 were prepared by heating a mixture of MgCr2 O4 grains and graphite powder at 1450° to 1650°C for 2 h in an Al2 O3 crucible covered by an Al2 O3 lid with a hole in the center. The porous Cr3 C2 grains exhibited a three-dimensional network skeleton structure. The mean open pore diameter and the specific surface area of the porous grains formed at 1600°C for 2 h were ∼3.5 (μm and ∼6.7 m2 /g, respectively. The present work investigated the morphology and the formation conditions of the porous Cr3 C2 grains, and this paper will discuss the formation mechanism of those grains in terms of chemical thermodynamics. 相似文献
67.
The oxygen content of silicon nitride with 1 mol% Y2 O3 —Nd2 O3 additive was measured after firing to determine the compositional change during gas-pressure sintering. Oxygen content decreases from 2.5 to 0.94 wt% during firing for 4 h at 1900°C and 10-MPa pressure in N2 . This decrease in oxygen results from the release of SiO gas generated by a thermaldecomposition reaction between Si3 N4 and SiO2 . The resultant sintered silicon nitride material contains less than 1 wt% oxygen. 相似文献
68.
Akira Matsumoto Masato Doura Tadahiro Kiguchi Hideo Ito Hiroyuki Aota 《Polymer Bulletin》2007,58(1):173-184
Summary It is well known that allyl monomers polymerize only with difficulty and yield polymers having low molecular weights, i.e.,
oligomers. Inevitably, free-radical multiallyl crosslinking polymerization provides network polymers consisting of oligomeric
primary polymer chains, i.e., having abundant dangling chains. This led to the development of novel flexible network polymers
such as amphiphilic network polymers (I) consisting of short primary polymer chains and long crosslink units with opposite polarities, simultaneous interpenetrating
networks (II) consisting of both polyurethane (PU) and polymethacrylate (PM) networks with oligomeric primary polymer chains, and network
polymers (III) consisting of centipede-type primary polymer chains. Thus, the solution copolymerizations of benzyl methacrylate with tricosaethylene
glycol dimethacrylate in the presence of lauryl mercaptan yielded I consisting of nonpolar, short primary polymer chains and polar, long crosslink units. The opposite type of I was prepared by the copolymerization of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, a polar monomer having a hydroxyl group, with heneicosapropylene
glycol dimethacrylate, a nonpolar monomer having a poly(oxypropylene) unit. The equimolar polyaddition crosslinking reaction
of poly(methyl methacrylate-co-2-methacryloyloxyethyl isocyanate) with tri(oxytetramethylene) glycol, leading to PU networks, and the free-radical crosslinking
copolymerization of methyl methacrylate with tri(oxytetramethylene) dimethacrylate in the presence of CBr4, leading to PM networks, were progressed simultaneously, providing II formed via the topological crosslink between PU and PM network structures. The post-copolymerizations of oligomeric allyl
methacrylate/alkyl methacrylate precopolymers, having different amounts of pendant allyl groups and different molecular weights,
with allyl benzoate/vinyl benzoate monomer mixtures were conducted to give III. 相似文献
69.
Kiyohide Matsui Etsuko Tobita Kikuo Sugimoto Kiyosi Kondo Toru Seita Akira Akimoto 《应用聚合物科学杂志》1986,32(3):4137-4143
Anion exchange membranes with excellent durability were prepared by chemical modification of Nafion. The modification was achieved by transformation of the sulfonic acid group into quaternary ammonium group. Namely, Nafion membrane was first converted into an amide-type membrane. Reduction of the carbonxyl group to methylene followed by quaternarization with alkyl iodide resulted in the formation of an anion exchange membrane. The electric resistance of the resulting membranes depends on the equivalent weight of the starting membranes (4.4–6.0 Ω cm2 in 0.5N NaCl). The characteristics of the membranes are the excellent stability toward chemical substances such as organic solvents, oxidizing agents, acids, etc. For example, the membranes are stable in aqueous saturated chlorine solution at 60°C for 1000 hr. 相似文献
70.
Takeshi Kikutani J. Radhakrishnan Sadaaki Arikawa Akira Takaku Norimasa Okui Xia Jin Fumio Niwa Yosuke Kudo 《应用聚合物科学杂志》1996,62(11):1913-1924
High-speed bicomponent spinning of poly(ethylene terephthalate)(PET)(core) and poly-propylene (PP) (sheath) was carried out and the structure development in the individual components, PET and PP, was investigated. The orientation and crystallinity development in the PET component was enhanced as compared to that of the single-component spinning while the PP component remained in a low orientation state and had a pseudohexagonal crystal structure even at high take-up speeds. To clarify the mutual interaction between the two components in bicomponent spinning, a semiquantitative numerical simulation was performed. The simulation results obtained using the Newtonian fluid model showed that the solidification stress in the PET component was enhanced while that of the PP component was decreased in comparison with the corresponding single-component spinning. This is due to the difference in the temperature dependence of their elongational viscosity. Simulation with an upper-convected Maxwell model as the constitutive equation suggested that significant stress relaxation of the PP component can occur in the spinline if the PET component solidifies earlier than does PP. Based on the structural characterization results, and the simulation results, it was concluded that the difference in the activation energy of the elongational viscosity and solidification temperature between the two polymers are the main factors influencing the mutual interaction in the bicomponent spinning process. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 相似文献