Quantifying sheet wash erosion rates in a mountainous semi‐arid basin using environmental radionuclides and a stream power model

Erosion rates and processes define how mountainous landscapes evolve. This study determines the range of erosion rates in a semi‐arid landscape over decadal time spans and defines the dominant processes controlling variability in erosion rates. The varying topography and climatic regimes of the Xiying Basin (Qilian Shan Mountains, China) enables us to examine the relative roles of sheet wash versus rainsplash and the influence of vegetation on soil erosion and deposition. Soil erosion rates since 1954 were determined using ¹³⁷Cs along 21 transects at four sites with varying gradient, rainfall, and vegetation cover. The mean ¹³⁷Cs derived soil erosion rate ~0.42 mm/a was consistent with the catchment level erosion rate derived from total sediment yield for a 44 year record. However, there is considerable variability in ¹³⁷Cs erosion rates both between transects and along transects, perhaps reflecting variation not only in the effectiveness of individual processes but also in their relative roles. We compare the ¹³⁷Cs‐derived erosion rates with 1‐D models for sediment flux that incorporate sheet wash and rainsplash processes, testing them over a previously untested 60 year timescale. The variability in ¹³⁷Cs erosion rates along transects is best replicated by sheet wash dominated simulations, suggesting that this is the dominant erosion process in this semi‐arid landscape. The functional form of the sheetwash model can also explain our observations that ¹³⁷Cs erosion rates decrease with upslope length (i.e. distance down slope) while its variability increases. However, sparsely vegetated sites, located in slightly drier locations, have higher erosion rates, and are not as accurately modeled as densely vegetated sites, suggesting that patchiness of vegetation introduces fine scale variability in erosion rates on these slopes. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

塔里木盆地西北缘柯坪逆冲构造带与巴楚隆起的叠加关系

塔里木盆地西北缘柯坪逆冲带是天山和塔里木盆地在新生代盆山耦合作用下形成的构造变形区，为印度板块和 欧亚板块碰撞所影响的最明显地区之一。柯坪逆冲带逆冲方向是从天山向塔里木盆地内逆冲，构造变形样式是以寒武系蒸发岩层为滑动拆离面的薄皮构造，也有卷入前寒武系－元古界结晶基底的逆冲推覆构造，以及北西向走滑断层。以皮羌断层和印干断层为界，根据构造样式的差异，柯坪逆冲带可分为3个构造区，即西克尔区、柯坪区和阿克苏区。西克尔区逆冲推覆构造卷入地层厚度大，基底拆离面深度为7－8km；柯坪区逆冲推覆构造卷入地层厚度小，基底拆离面深度为5－6km；阿克苏区则为卷入前寒武系结晶基底的逆冲推覆构造。这些构造样式的差异是由于北西向的巴楚隆起对近北东走向的柯坪逆冲构造带叠加的结果，尤其巴楚隆起的南界－－皮羌高角度逆冲断层与柯坪逆冲带发育的皮羌左旋走滑断层，以及巴楚隆起的北界－－印干逆冲断层与柯坪逆冲带发育的印干右旋走滑断层对柯坪冲构造带的叠加最为明显。     

运用信息技术 提高管理水平

本文针对目前我国勘察设计企业管理现状，指出信息技术的应用在勘察设计企业管理中的促进作用；它可使管理者树立规范化、制度化的工作方法，并在许多方面为勘察设计企业创造价值和效益。     

Diurnal variation of phytoplankton community in a high frequency area of HABs: Daya Bay, China

Phytoplankton community was investigated in the cage culture area of Daya Bay during a diurnal cycle. Two rainfalls occurred during the course of the experiment and decreased the surface seawater salinity in the aquaculture area. A total of 38 species were identified, of which the dominant species included Pseudo-nitzschia spp. and Skeletonema costatum. Water stratification obstructed the vertical migration of dinoflagellates. Statistical analysis indicated that Synechococcus showed negative relationship with silicate and ammonia, which indicated that Synechococcus adapted to grow at oligotrophic environment. Phytoplankton community structure implied the risk of Pseudo-nitzschia spp. blooms in the aquaculture area of Daya Bay.     

Accurate quantification of astaxanthin from Haematococcus crude extract spectrophotometrically

The influence of alkali on astaxanthin and the optimal working wave length for measurement of astaxanthin from Haematococcus crude extract were investigated, and a spectrophotometric method for precise quantification of the astaxanthin based on the method of Boussiba et al. was established. According to Boussiba's method, alkali treatment destroys chlorophyll. However, we found that: 1) carotenoid content declined for about 25% in Haematococcus fresh cysts and up to 30% in dry powder of Haematococcus broken cysts after alkali treatment; and 2) dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)-extracted chlorophyll of green Haematococcus bares little absorption at 520-550 nm. Interestingly, a good linear relationship existed between absorbance at 530 nm and astaxanthin content, while an unknown interference at 540-550 nm was detected in our study. Therefore, with 530 nm as working wavelength, the alkali treatment to destroy chlorophyll was not necessary and the influence of chlorophyll, other carotenoids, and the unknown interference could be avoided. The astaxanthin contents of two samples were measured at 492 nm and 530 nm; the measured values at 530 nm were 2.617 g/100 g and 1.811 g/100 g. When compared with the measured values at 492 nm, the measured values at 530 nm decreased by 6.93% and 11.96%, respectively. The measured values at 530 nm are closer to the true astaxanthin contents in the samples. The data show that 530 nm is the most suitable wave length for spectrophotometric determination to the astaxanthin in Haematococcus crude extract.     

Physicochemical effects on sulfite transformation in a lipid-rich Chlorella sp. strain

SO2 is very rapidly hydrated to sulfurous acid in water solution at pH value above 6.0,whereby sulfite is yielded from the disassociation of protons.We aimed to improve the sulfite transformation efficiency and provide a basis for the direct utilization of SO2 from flue gas by a microalgal suspension.Chlorella sp.XQ-20044 was cultured in a medium with 20 mmol/L sodium sulfite under different physicochemical conditions.Under light conditions,sulfite concentration in the algal suspension reduced linearly over time,and was completely converted into sulfate within 8 h.The highest sulfite transformation rate(3.25 mmol/(L·h)) was obtained under the following conditions:35°C,light intensity of 300μmol/(m2·s),NaHCO3 concentration of 6 g/L,initial cell density(OD540) of 0.8 and pH of 9-10.There was a positive correlation between sulfite transformation rate and the growth of Chlorella,with the conditions favorable to algal growth giving better sulfite transformation.Although oxygen in the air plays a role in the transformation of SO2-3 to SO2-4,the transformation is mainly dependent on the metabolic activity of algal cells.Chlorella sp.XQ-20044 is capable of tolerating high sulfite concentration,and can utilize sulfite as the sole sulfur source for maintaining healthy growth.We found that sulfite 20 mmol/L had no obvious effect on the total lipid content and fatty acid profiles of the algae.Thus,the results suggest it is feasible to use flue gas for the mass production of feedstock for biodiesel using Chlorella sp.XQ-20044,without preliminary removal of SO2,assuming there is adequate control of the pH.     

走滑断裂的枢纽运动是形成特征地震的一种机制

本文通过特征地震特点与枢纽运动特征的对比分析,得出走滑断裂的枢纽运动是形成特征地震的一种机制,断裂的枢纽轴部是特征地震发生的位置。研究结果表明,富蕴、海原、炉霍和郯城地震断裂皆属特征地震断裂     

胶东焦家金矿床有限应变分析及其意义

焦家金矿床构造岩中广泛发育变形石英颗粒，这些变形石英颗粒的三维有限应变分析表明，金矿定位于断裂带的扩容空间中，会林参数普遍表现为拉伸型，体积应变为增中型，金矿体就位于强应变与相对弱应变的转换部位，构造央垢有限应变椭球体拉伸轴主要中于ＮＥ－ＳＷ向，含矿热液运移方向与焦家断裂带平行，成矿过程中体系是开放的，有大量体系外物质迁入。     

深圳市东水西调输水隧洞工程构造活动性分析

在对深圳断裂带构造活动性演化分析的基础上,配合现今构造应力场平面和三维数值模拟,定量计算输水隧洞不同地段轴向与最大水平主压应力方向的夹角、深圳断裂带与隧洞交汇部位的现今活动量级范围以及深埋隧洞地段现今构造应力状态,为深圳市东水西调输水隧洞工程设计和施工提供依据。      

威宁地区下石炭统祥摆组：一个潜在的薄互层煤系气新层系

水页1井未压裂煤系高产气流的偶然发现,昭示黔西北威宁及其邻区下石炭统祥摆组可能成为我国西南局部地区煤系气勘查新层系。然而,该区祥摆组前期煤系气地质调查有限,关于资源条件和前景区的认识存在一定差异,且对煤系特点考虑不足。鉴于此,基于近期地质调查进展,结合前人基础地质研究成果,探讨了威宁及其邻区祥摆组煤系气地质条件和勘查前景。结果显示,威宁地区祥摆组是一套典型的薄互层煤系,下段潮坪—潟湖相煤系气显示强烈,但煤系储层总体上具有低孔特低渗的特征。单井研究发现,随埋深加大,祥摆组储层吸附气含量存在一个“临界深度”,一旦超过该深度,煤系页岩吸附甲烷含量快速增高,煤层吸附甲烷含量开始降低但其游离气含量可能增大,导致总含气量可能明显增大。综合分析认为,威宁地区祥摆组在埋深大于1500 m之后可能具有综合开发价值,龙街、羊场、海改地、二都、天星洞、玉龙6个深向斜是下一步勘查的重点构造单元,往东可扩展到黔西地区格目底、晴隆、朗岱等较大规模深向斜构造。同时,逆冲推覆构造对祥摆组煤系气保存条件的影响值得高度关注。基于上述分析,提出了落实祥摆组煤系气勘查战略选区的5条原则性建议。