Effects of the geometry of two‐dimensional fractures on their hydraulic aperture and on the validity of the local cubic law

Flow through rough fractures is investigated numerically in order to assess the validity of the local cubic law for different fracture geometries. Two‐dimensional channels with sinusoidal walls having different geometrical properties defined by the aperture, the amplitude, and the wavelength of the walls' corrugations, the corrugations asymmetry, and the phase shift between the two walls are considered to represent different fracture geometries. First, it is analytically shown that the hydraulic aperture clearly deviates from the mean aperture when the walls' roughness, the phase shift, and/or the asymmetry between the fracture walls are relatively high. The continuity and the Navier–Stokes equations are then solved by means of the finite element method and the numerical solutions compared to the theoretical predictions of the local cubic law. Reynolds numbers ranging from 0.066 to 66.66 are investigated so as to focus more particularly on the effect of flow inertial effects on the validity of the local cubic law. For low Reynolds number, typically less than 15, the local cubic law properly describes the fracture flow, especially when the fracture walls have small corrugation amplitudes. For Reynolds numbers higher than 15, the local cubic law is valid under the conditions that the fracture presents a low aspect ratio, small corrugation amplitudes, and a moderate phase lag between its walls.     

基于多源数据约束的成矿动力学模拟——以宁芜盆地钟姑矿田典型矿床为例

数据驱动是大数据分析的特点之一。成矿过程的数值模拟即采用数据驱动方式,在基本的物理化学方程及地质模型基础上,通过定量的手段,模拟不同阶段、不同条件下成矿系统的演化过程,从而能够更深入、直观的讨论各种地质要素对成矿系统的影响,验证已有的成矿理论,获得新的认识。姑山铁矿床和杨庄铁矿床是宁芜火山岩盆地钟姑矿田内的典型矿床。前人研究显示,杨庄铁矿床为典型的充填-接触交代型热液矿床,而姑山铁矿床目前在成因上仍存在争议,存在岩浆成因和热液成因等多种观点。为了更好的对比和了解姑山铁矿床和杨庄铁矿床的成因及成矿过程,本文基于多源数据的综合解译剖面,采用力-热耦合数值模拟方法对与热液矿床密切相关的扩容空间的形成机制和特点开展研究。模拟结果显示,姑山铁矿床和杨庄铁矿床可能分属不同的成因类型;随着岩体的逐渐冷却,杨庄铁矿床内岩体和地层接触带会出现明显的扩容空间,可为成矿流体的汇聚及矿质的沉淀提供良好的条件,有利于热液矿床的形成;而姑山铁矿床内岩体和地层接触带只有局部区域出现扩容空间,同时体应变数值较小且形态变化大,并不利于大规模的流体汇聚及矿质的沉淀,姑山铁矿床可能主要为岩浆成因,并受少量热液的叠加改造。     

西藏波龙斑岩铜金矿床成矿斑岩年代学、岩石化学特征及其成矿意义

波龙斑岩铜金矿床是近年来在青藏高原中部发现的最大的斑岩型矿床,波龙矿床发育两期花岗闪长斑岩和一期花岗斑岩,两期花岗闪长斑岩是波龙矿床的成矿斑岩。本文开展了波龙矿床三期斑岩锆石U-Pb年龄、全岩岩石地球化学和Sr-Nd-Hf同位素组成分析。锆石U-Pb测年结果显示,三期斑岩在120Ma集中侵位。两期花岗闪长斑岩均富集轻稀土、大离子亲石元素,亏损重稀土、高场强元素,Eu异常不明显,显示出岛弧岩浆岩的特征;两期花岗闪长斑岩的(87Sr/86Sr)i值分别为0.70562－0.70711和0.70567－0.70850,εNd(t)分别为-4.0－-3.1和-8.0－-2.4,εHf(t)值分别变化于2.5－6.9和3.3－6.9,表明两期花岗闪长斑岩起源于新生的下地壳;花岗斑岩也具有岛弧岩浆岩的岩石化学特征,但其具有较高εNd(t)值(-0.7－-0.2)和εHf(t)值(1.3－12.2),可能表明花岗斑岩也起源于下地壳,但有更多幔源物质混入。波龙斑岩铜金矿床形成于班公湖－怒江洋壳向北俯冲末期,其成岩－成矿可能与洋壳俯冲关系密切,但波龙矿床的三期斑岩均起源于新生的下地壳,可能表明在120Ma南羌塘地块南缘开始逐步加厚。     

南水北调中线核心区土地利用变化及其生态环境响应研究

本文以南水北调中线工程核心水源区淅川县为例,选取2004年TM、2014年GF1号影像等数据,解译获取了淅川县土地利用数据,对2004-2014年淅川县土地利用变化进行定量分析。通过选用区域生态环境质量模型,对研究期内淅川县土地利用变化的生态环境效应进行评估,并采用灰色关联法对导致淅川县生态环境质量变化的驱动因素进行分析。研究结果表明：① 2004-2014年,林地、建设用地和水域面积增加,耕地面积减少。在林地资源演化趋势上,有林地、疏林地、灌木林地和苗圃地与林地资源的整体演化格局一致,而宜林地和无立木林地、未成林造林地呈减少的趋势;② 在空间分布上,林地主要分布在海拔高、坡度较陡的北部山区,耕地和建设用地密集分布于海拔低、相对平缓的东南部地区;③ 2004年和2014年2期生态环境质量均在县域内表现出明显的空间差异,呈现出北高南低的分布趋势。研究期内淅川县区域生态环境质量指数从0.5443上升至0.6039,生态环境质量提高,其中宜林地和无立木林地转化为有林地、退耕还林对区域生态环境改善贡献最大;④ 局部地区生态环境呈负向发展,其中对森林资源采取掠夺式开采和粗放型管理、毁林开地对县域生态环境产生的负面影响最为深刻。⑤ 2004-2014年县域生态环境质量变化主要由政策和居民追求利益最大化的行为所驱动。     

岩浆混合作用——来自甘肃北山的野外证据

在 1∶2 5万马鬃山幅区调填图和方法研究工作中 ,通过观察到的一些与岩浆混合模式相关的现象 ,指出暗色微粒镁铁质包体是岩浆混合作用的有利证据 ,讨论了与花岗岩侵入体相关的镁铁质小岩体混合成因的可能性 ,认为岩浆混合作用在造山带岩浆活动中是一种极为普遍的现象。     

First evidence of Campanian radiolarians in Turkey and implications for the tectonic setting of the Upper Antalya Nappes

The definition and inventory of the upper units of the Antalya Nappes or “Calcareous Antalya Nappes” (CAN) are still a matter of controversies and often conflicting interpretations. In the Gedeller type locality, we logged a new succession that sheds light on the detailed stratigraphy of the Upper Antalya Nappes. The lower part of the series corresponds to the uppermost part of the Kemer Gorge Nappe and is overthrust by the Ordovician Seydişehir Formation of the Tahtalı Dağ Nappe. The newly described Gedeller Formation belongs to the Kemer Gorge Nappe and is represented by Campanian (Upper Cretaceous) Scaglia-type pelagic limestones, which yielded radiolarians of the Amphipyndax pseudoconulus Zone. It is demonstrated that the “Calcareous Antalya Nappes” are composed of three different nappes, the Kemer Gorge, Bakırlı and the Tahtalı Dağ nappes, all of them belonging to the Upper Antalya Nappes system.     

Identification of C24 and C25 lanostanes in Tertiary sulfur rich crude oils from the Jinxian Sag, Bohai Bay Basin, Northern China

Unusual short chain lanostanes (C₂₄ and C₂₅) and C₃₀ lanostane were identified in sulfur rich crude oils from the Jinxian Sag, Bohai Bay Basin, northern China. Besides the regular steranes (C_27-30), a series of 4-methyl steranes (C₂₂₋₂₃, C₂₇₋₃₀), 4,4-dimethyl steranes (C₂₂₋₂₄, C₂₈₋₃₀), short chain steranes (C₂₃₋₂₆), abundant pregnanes (C₂₁₋₂₂) and androstanes (C₁₉₋₂₀), together with sulfur containing steroids (20-thienylpregnanes and thienylandrostanes) were detected in the aliphatic and branched-cyclic hydrocarbon fraction of these crude oils. A literature survey of some long chain sterane analogues (e.g., A-nor-steranes, norcholestanes, C₃₀ steranes, lanostanes) and pregnanes seems to point to a sponge and/or dinoflagellate source. 4-Methyl, 4,4-dimethyl steroids and lanosterols (4,4,14-trimethyl steroids as the basic skeleton of lanostanes) can be derived from methanotrophic bacteria. Thus, a biological origin from a prokaryotic methylotroph can be used to explain the common source of abundant short chain steranes (C_23-26), 4-methyl (C_22-23) and 4,4-dimethyl steranes (C_22-24), as well as lanostanes (C_24-25 and C₃₀ analogues) in our oil samples. Generally, the steroids appear to have been extensively sulfurized with sulfur substitution at the C-22 position in the side chain during the early stage of diagenesis, which was readily subject to attack by bacterial degradation (enzymatic cleavage) and/or abiotic oxidation. As a consequence, short chain sterane analogues (e.g., abundant pregnanes and androstanes in this study) and short chain lanostanes (C₂₄−C₂₅) might later be released through cleavage of weak C-S bonds at the C-22 carbon in the sulfurized steroids and lanostane sulfides. Finally, the formation of the short chain C₂₄−C₂₅ lanostanes and distinctive occurrence of short chain steranes in this study can be well explained by microbial biodegradation of sulfurized lanostanoids and steroids in the reservoir.     

不同月海冰边界提取算法对南极海冰变化的影响分析

海冰与海水的交界地带是海-冰-气相互作用的重要区域,其变化会影响海洋生物栖息地的联通状态和海洋、大气的交换,确定海冰边界对于分析海冰动态变化具有重要意义[1-2]。被动微波传感器为长期监测海冰变化提供了大尺度的连续观测数据。从经典统计、随机集理论出发,应用三种由被动微波日均海冰密集度数据提取月均海冰边界的方法,分析三种月均边界的差异,以及不同月均边界提取方法对海冰长期变化分析的影响。     

Environmental pulmonary health problems related to mineral dusts: Examples from central Anatolia, Turkey

There are a number of benign disorders including pleural thickening (PT), calcified pleural plaques (CPP), and malignant diseases such as malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) in central Anatolia. Earlier studies suggested tremolite was the main cause, and there was no explanation why some of the population did not have malignant cases, and plaques were by far the most frequent manifestation of asbestos-induced injury. In this study, geological, mineralogical and environmental data were evaluated. While the prolonged continuous exposure to high or low doses of long (8-30 µm) and thin (less than 0.25 µm) mixed fibers such as chrysolite, and/or anthophyllite or tremolite, and also silica particles may be the cause of MPM in central Anatolia, two different reasons for the CPP and PT are suggested. The first one is short (less than 8 µm) and thin mixed-type mineral fibers. The second reason is low doses of long, but thick, splintery tremolite fibers.     

天津市地震经济损失模型和生命损失模型的预测研究

文中主要探讨了由地震引起的天津市经济损失和生命损失的预测问题。首先阐述了天津市震害预测的 5个背景特点 :建筑物特点、地质条件特点、建筑场地划分特点、基本设防烈度特点以及地震烈度衰减关系特点 ,根据这 5个特点将天津市划分为含有 7种建筑结构形式的 4个区域的震害预测模式。在此基础上 ,分析了天津市地震经济损失模型和生命损失模型 ,考虑了时间因素 ,然后与1976年唐山大地震的实际震害结果进行了对比及修正 ,给出了天津市 4个区域的建筑物地震经济损失率模型、社会财富损失率模型和建筑物毁坏率模型 ,并给出了计算天津市建筑物地震经济损失、天津市国内生产总值GDP地震经济损失和天津市地震生命损失的表达式 ;最后 ,将天津市地区划分为2 85 8个震害评估单元 ,以近百年来在天津市区域内曾经发生的最大地震作为假想地震 ,预测分析了天津市建筑物地震经济损失分布和地震生命损失分布结果