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51.
Jong-Ho Ryu Jong Hyun Seo Jae-Han Jeong Sung-Kap Kim Dong Nyung Lee 《Journal of Applied Electrochemistry》2004,34(9):879-884
A study has been made of the electrochemical etching of 99.99% aluminum foils at a current density of 50 mA cm–2in AlCl3–HCl solutions (1 m Cl–) at 80 °C. The solutions were made by dissolving metallic aluminum into 1m HCl solution, to give a Cl– concentration of 1 m. The number density of etch tunnels and the homogeneity of tunnel length decreased, and the mean pit size and its standard deviation increased with increasing Al3+ concentration. The results were discussed based on potential transients at a current density of 50 mA cm–2, current–potential curves at a scan rate of 10 m Vs–1 and electrochemical impedance spectra. 相似文献
52.
Rheological characteristics of two pretreated petroleum pitches, during their transformation to mesophase, have been studied
by using rotalional viscometer. Simultaneously, the formation, growth, coalescence of mesuphase spheres, and the alignment
of coalesced mesophase were observed by Hot-Stage-Cinema-Microscope, discussed with the results of viscosity change and the
Q.I. content. It is found that both pretreated pitches were Newtonian fluids at low temperature, but behaved pseudoplastics
as increase of mesophase content above 390C. Shear thinning behaviour was also apparent in the shear rate range of 1.9–20
sec−1 at temperature above 390C. The apparent viscosity-temperature curves of this pyrolysed pitches were much affected by the
pretreatment conditions. 相似文献
53.
Yongwon Seo Sung-Ho Jo Ho-Jung Ryu Hee Dal Bae Chong Kul Ryu Chang-Keun Yi 《Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering》2007,24(3):457-460
A bubbling fluidized bed reactor was used to study CO2 capture from flue gas by using a potassium-based solid sorbent, sorbKX35 which was manufactured by the Korea Electric Power
Research Institute. A dry sorbent, sorbKX35, consists of K2CO3 for absorption and supporters for mechanical strength. To increase initial CO2 removal, some amount of H2O was absorbed in the sorbent before injecting simulated flue gas. It was possible to achieve 100% CO2 removal for more than 10 minutes at 60°C and a residence time of 2 s with H2O pretreatment. When H2O pretreatment time was long enough to convert K2CO3 of sorbKX35 into K2CO3 · 1.5H2O, CO2 removal was excellent. The results obtained in this study can be used as basic data for designing and operating a large scale
CO2 capture process with two fluidized bed reactors.
This work was presented at the 6
th
Korea-China Workshop on Clean Energy Technology held at Busan, Korea, July 4–7, 2006. 相似文献
54.
We determined the optimal reaction conditions to minimize the energy cost and the quantities of by‐products for a poly(ethylene terephthalate) process by using the iterative dynamic programming (IDP) algorithm. Here, we employed a sequence of three reactor models: the semibatch transesterification reactor model, the semibatch prepolymerization reactor model, and the rotating‐disc‐type polycondensation reactor model. We selectively chose or developed the reactor models by incorporating experimentally verified kinetic models reported in the literature. We established the model for the entire reactor system by connecting the three reactor models in series and by resolving some joint problems arising when different types of reactor models were interconnected. On the basis of the simulation results of the reactor system, we scrutinized the cause and effect between the reaction conditions and the final quality of the polymer product. Here, we set up the optimization strategy by using IDP on the basis of the integrated reactor model, and the process variables with significant influence on the properties of polymer were selected as control variables with the help of a simulation study. With this method, we could refine the reaction conditions at the end of each iteration step by contracting the spectra of control regions, and the iteration process finally stopped when the profile of the optimal trajectory converged. We also took the constraints on the control variables into account to guarantee polymer quality and to suppress side reactions. Constituting six different strategies by setting weighting vectors differently, we examined the differences in optimal trajectories, the trend of optimality, and the quality of the final polymer product. For each of the strategies, we conducted the optimization to examine whether the number‐average degree of polymerization approached the desired value. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 993–1008, 2002 相似文献
55.
Bo Hyun Ryu Sang Yup Lee Dong Hyun Lee Gui Young Han Tae-Jin Lee Ki June Yoon 《Catalysis Today》2007,123(1-4):303-309
Carbon black has recently been reported to act as an effective catalyst for methane decomposition and to exhibit stable catalytic behavior despite carbon deposition, and thus it can be used for CO2-free production of hydrogen from natural gas. In this work, various carbon blacks with different primary particle size were investigated with respect to methane decomposition under atmospheric pressure from 1123 to 1223 K. Catalytic characteristics, such as activity, activation energy and reaction order, were investigated and compared. It was observed that with decreasing primary particle size (or increasing specific surface area), the specific activity increased and the activation energy decreased. The reaction orders for various pelletized, rubber-reinforcing carbon blacks were 0.6–0.7, about the same regardless of the primary particle size, while they were near 1 for fluffy carbon blacks. Fluffy carbon black showed higher activity and activation energy than the pelletized carbon black of the same primary particle size. Changes of the surface morphology during carbon deposition were observed by TEM. Variations of the number of active sites were discussed in regard of the primary particle size, carbon deposition and binder. The presence of different types of active sites was also suggested. 相似文献
56.
Alper Sarıoğlan Ömer Tunç Savaşçı Ayşe Erdem-Şenatalar Vu Thu Ha Gilbert Sapaly Younès Ben Taârit 《Catalysis Letters》2007,118(1-2):123-128
MFI type inorganic carrier was used in two different cationic forms, hydrogen and calcium respectively. MFI-supported molybdenum
and rhenium catalysts were prepared. The activities of the catalysts were compared for the aromatization reaction of methane.
Higher activity values were attained with the catalysts supported on HZSM-5. Aromatics were also observed with the catalysts
supported on CaZSM-5, despite their deficiency in acid sites. Highly dispersed rhenium is expected to be formed with the use
of the inorganic carrier in calcium form. On the other hand, lower reaction rates were observed with rhenium supported on
CaZSM-5, in spite of the improved dispersion of the active rhenium species on this catalyst. This was interpreted in terms
of the critical role of the acid sites in the conversion of methane to aromatics, compared to the improved dispersion of the
active metal. 相似文献
57.
Carsten Dachsbacher Jaroslav Křivánek Miloš Hašan Adam Arbree Bruce Walter Jan Novák 《Computer Graphics Forum》2014,33(1):88-104
Recent years have seen increasing attention and significant progress in many‐light rendering, a class of methods for efficient computation of global illumination. The many‐light formulation offers a unified mathematical framework for the problem reducing the full lighting transport simulation to the calculation of the direct illumination from many virtual light sources. These methods are unrivaled in their scalability: they are able to produce plausible images in a fraction of a second but also converge to the full solution over time. In this state‐of‐the‐art report, we give an easy‐to‐follow, introductory tutorial of the many‐light theory; provide a comprehensive, unified survey of the topic with a comparison of the main algorithms; discuss limitations regarding materials and light transport phenomena and present a vision to motivate and guide future research. We will cover both the fundamental concepts as well as improvements, extensions and applications of many‐light rendering. 相似文献
58.
In this paper, we propose a new fully computerized image analysis method for measuring the thickness of muscles from ultrasound image obtained by muscle endurance test using morphological information of fascia and thoracic vertebra. Firstly, we divide the image into lumbar region and thoracolumbar region by the difference of density in image for measuring the thickness of muscles. In lumbar region, we notice that the intensity of fascia is relatively higher than other parts. Thus, we measure the thickness of muscles surrounding the fascia area. In the process, we apply median filter to candidate fascia areas for extracting candidate muscle layers between fascias. Then, the thickness of muscles we measure is that of the third layer. In thoracolumbar region, we apply region expansion method for classifying the region into subcutaneous fat part and part including thoracic vertebra. Then, we apply counting method and evolutionary computation search model to find the measuring location that is in between subcutaneous fat area and thoracic vertebra. In experiment, the proposed method is effective in measuring the thickness of muscles and avoids failures of previous studies. The performance of this approach is sufficiently comparable to that of medical experts. 相似文献
59.
60.
Latent catalyst effects were investigated to improve the physical properties of halogen‐free epoxy molding compounds (EMCs) for semiconductor encapsulation. In this study, biphenyl‐type resins were used as the epoxy and hardener resin for halogen‐free EMCs to obtain high flame‐retardant properties and high filler contents. Latent catalyst effects were examined with two kinds of EMC compositions, halogen‐free EMCs and conventional EMC compositions. We used triphenylphosphine‐benzoquinone salt (TPP‐BQ) as a latent catalyst. Spiral flow and gel time were measured to investigate the change in moldability with the latent catalyst. We measured package fail, moisture absorption, and delamination for reliability evaluation and flexural strength, flexural modulus, and adhesion for mechanical properties to examine latent catalyst effects. An improvement in moldability, reliability, and the mechanical properties were observed in two types of halogen‐free EMCs with TPP‐BQ as a latent catalyst. These phenomena were seen in conventional EMCs, including o‐cresol novolac epoxy resin. The cure kinetics of these systems were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry with an isothermal approach to explain these phenomena. The results indicate that the improvement in moldability in halogen‐free EMCs with TPP‐BQ was due to the low conversion rate of this system, and the increase in mechanical properties was attributed to the high conversion of curing reaction. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 2287–2299, 2005 相似文献