渤海湾盆地南堡凹陷异常压力系统及其形成机理

渤海湾盆地南堡凹陷异常压力现象普遍发育,但对于凹陷中不同构造带异常压力的刻画与成因机制的探讨却较为薄弱。利用357口井1 354个钻杆测试数据（DST）和重复地层压力测试数据（RFT）,测井曲线资料等,详细刻画了不同构造带的压力结构特征。研究表明：南堡凹陷地层压力系统纵向上可划分为3个带,浅部常压带（<1 800 m）、中部过渡带（1 800~2 400 m）和深部异常高压带（>2 400 m）。沙三段发育大规模异常高压,压力系数最高达1.9,超压带顶界面深度约为2 400 m;老爷庙构造带中、浅层发育低幅度超压带,压力系数约为1.2;滩海地区东一段和东二段局部发育异常低压。利用数值模拟技术和垂直有效应力-声波时差判别图版等方法,并结合烃源岩生排烃过程综合分析等,深入探讨了南堡凹陷不同异常压力系统的形成机理,研究认为：①深部沙三段的大规模超压主要来源于东营时期的泥岩不均衡压实作用,生烃作用也有一定贡献,但相对前者贡献较小;②明化镇时期,生烃作用是最主要的增压机制,而欠压实作用贡献则相对有限;③中浅层低幅超压带来源于深部超压的“传导”,开启的断裂带为其传递通道;④东营末期的区域抬升剥蚀作用引起岩石骨架孔隙回弹和流体收缩,是形成本区异常低压的主要原因。     

Synthesis of Pt nanocrystals with different shapes using the same protocol to optimize their catalytic activity toward oxygen reduction

Engineering the shape and thus surface structure of Pt nanocrystals is an effective strategy for optimizing their catalytic activities toward various reactions. However, different protocols are typically used to produce Pt nanocrystals with distinctive shapes, making it difficult to directly compare their catalytic activities owing to the complication of surface contamination. Here we demonstrate that Pt nanocrystals with a variety of shapes, including those enclosed with low- or high-index facets, can be synthesized using the same protocol by simply adjusting the concentration of reducing agent and/or the reaction time. Specifically, when the reducing agent was used at a relatively low concentration, Pt truncated cubes, cuboctahedrons, truncated octahedrons, and octahedrons were produced sequentially upon the increase in reaction time. When 67% more reducing agent was used, Pt cubes and concave cubes were obtained consecutively as the reaction time was prolonged. Our quantitative analysis suggests that the diversity of shape and difference in size can be resulted from the difference in reduction kinetics. In evaluating their structure–activity relationship for oxygen reduction, it was established that the high-index facets on Pt concave cubes possessed a specific activity of 6.3 and 1.3 times greater than those of Pt cubes and octahedrons exposed by {1?0?0} and {1?1?1} facets, respectively. This work not only offers a general method for the synthesis of Pt nanocrystals having diverse shapes and thus different types of facets but also highlights the significance of reduction kinetics in controlling the structure evolution of other metal nanocrystals.     

A Self-Assembled Vertical-Gradient and Well-Dispersed MXene Structure for Flexible Large-Area Perovskite Modules

Advancing hole transport layers (HTL) to realize large-area, flexible, and high-performance perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is one of the most challenging issues for its commercialization. Here, a self-assembled gradient Ti₃C₂T_x MXene incorporated PEDOT:PSS HTL is demonstrated to achieve high-performance large-area PSCs by establishing half-caramelization-based glucose-induced MXene redistribution. Through this process, the Ti₃C₂T_x MXene nanosheets are spontaneously dispersed and redistributed at the top region of HTL to form the unique gradient distribution structure composed of MXene:Glucose:PEDOT:PSS (MG-PEDOT). These results show that the MG-PEDOT HTL not only offers favorable energy level alignment and efficient charge extraction, but also improves the film quality of perovskite layer featuring enlarged grain size, lower trap density, and longer carrier lifetime. Consequently, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the flexible device based on MG-PEDOT HTL is increased by 36% compared to that of pristine PEDOT:PSS HTL. Meanwhile, the flexible perovskite solar minimodule (15 cm² area) using MG-PEDOT HTL achieve a PCE of 17.06%. The encapsulated modules show remarkable long-term storage stability at 85 °C in ambient air (≈90% efficiency retention after 1200 h) and enhanced operational lifetime (≈90% efficiency retention after 200 h). This new approach shows a promising future of the self-assembled HTLs for developing optoelectronic devices.     

Flow characteristics of natural circulation in a lead–bismuth eutectic loop

Lead and lead-alloys are proposed in future advanced nuclear system as coolant and spallation target.To test the natural circulation and gas-lift and obtain thermal-hydraulics data for computational fluid dynamics(CFD) and system code validation, a lead–bismuth eutectic rectangular loop, the KYLIN-Ⅱ Thermal Hydraulic natural circulation test loop, has been designed and constructed by the FDS team. In this paper, theoretical analysis on natural circulation thermal-hydraulic performance is described and the steady-state natural circulation experiment is performed. The results indicated that the natural circulation capability depends on the loop resistance and the temperature and center height differences between the hot and cold legs. The theoretical analysis results agree well with,while the CFD deviate from, the experimental results.     

Influence of pore structure on the gravity separation performance of fine lignite

Influence of lignite porosity on the density fluctuation and subsequent beneficiation efficiency was studied. Using copper as tracer element, SEM+EDS was used to study the wetting rate of medium to particles. Furthermore, the particle quality changes before and after the wetting was analyzed. Separation experiments were carried out to verify the hypothesis. Results show that the wetting process is less than three seconds and there is no significant relationship between the quality growth rate and the particle density, which leads to the irregular change of particle density. Separation experiment proved the low separation efficiency and high content of mismatch particles.     

Current performance and future trends in health care sciences and services research

Health care sciences and services research (HCSSR) has come to the fore in recent years and related research literature increased rapidly over the last few decades. The main purpose of this study is to describe the global progress and to determine the current trends on HCSSR by using a scientometrics approach to survey related literature in the Web of Science database from 1900 to 2012. The document types, languages, publication patterns, subject categories, journals, geographic and institutional distributions, top cited articles, and the distribution of keywords were thoroughly examined. The results show that HCSSR has increased rapidly over the past 20 years, most notably in the last decade. In total, there are currently 128,728 research articles in 156 journals listed in 39 WoS subject categories. The top 20 most productive countries, and institutions were analyzed in detail, and 11 frequently cited papers and research foci were identified based on citation analysis. HCSSR spans many disciplines and focuses mainly on public, environmental & occupational health and education educational research. Medical Care, Academic Medicine, Health Affairs and Journal of School Health are the core journals with both high quantity and quality. High-income countries make up the leading nations, especially G7 countries. Meanwhile, “emerging economies” are also increasingly engaging this field. American and Canadian institutions have made greater advances in productions, citations, and cooperation, with stronger and better development prospects overall. The hot topics include internet use and decision making in health care, palliative care and end of life research, health status and quality of life, quality of healthcare and patient’s satisfaction, medical education, and health communication. Also, most researchers tend to study health care sciences based on the topics of quality-of-life assessment, and their interest in quality-of-life measures has increased. Increasing attention has been paid to the developing countries, especially “emerging economies” like China. Although health research has made much progress, many questions still remain unanswered and there are few assessments of how well research systems carry out their essential functions. Hence, there is currently an urgent need for timely establishment of an effective health research system.     

塔里木盆地顺北地区中-下奥陶统“断控”缝洞系统划分与形成机制

碳酸盐岩地层普遍发育各类成因机制的非均质性缝洞储层,其孔隙系统的形成演化受岩石的地质演化控制。一般情况下,这类非均质性缝洞储层的形成与地层流体系统中各种不饱和性流体的热化学作用方式和所能带走的物质体积总和有关。但是,塔里木盆地顺北地区发现的“断控”缝洞储层未经历不饱和性流体的溶蚀改造作用,其空间展布明显受到断裂带边界约束,勘探证实可以形成商业价值储层。因此,断裂活动能否发生大规模的物质体积调整,形成完整的缝洞储集系统,需要引起重视。通过应用三维地震、钻井异常工况、测井、元素录井、压恢试井、干扰试井和生产动态资料等,综合表征“断控”储层特征,反演“断控”缝洞单元和储集系统。针对走滑断裂活动过程中的岩石物理特性、构造增容机理和流体改造机制,开展了脆性岩层应变方式、断层封闭性控制因素、水-岩作用方式等研究,提出断裂带内部受岩体错动、破碎及力学-热化学作用而发生的物质体积调整是顺北地区“断控”缝洞储层形成的主导因素,其孔隙系统的形成、演化与断裂活动关系密切。当“断控”缝洞系统形成、演化过程中无法忽视流体影响时,可依据流体性质和作用方式等,细分出“岩溶型”和“热溶型”亚类,作为“断控”储层概念的理论衍生。     

Hollow Nanostructures for Photocatalysis: Advantages and Challenges

Photocatalysis for solar‐driven reactions promises a bright future in addressing energy and environmental challenges. The performance of photocatalysis is highly dependent on the design of photocatalysts, which can be rationally tailored to achieve efficient light harvesting, promoted charge separation and transport, and accelerated surface reactions. Due to its unique feature, semiconductors with hollow structure offer many advantages in photocatalyst design including improved light scattering and harvesting, reduced distance for charge migration and directed charge separation, and abundant surface reactive sites of the shells. Herein, the relationship between hollow nanostructures and their photocatalytic performance are discussed. The advantages of hollow nanostructures are summarized as: 1) enhancement in the light harvesting through light scattering and slow photon effects; 2) suppression of charge recombination by reducing charge transfer distance and directing separation of charge carriers; and 3) acceleration of the surface reactions by increasing accessible surface areas for separating the redox reactions spatially. Toward the end of the review, some insights into the key challenges and perspectives of hollow structured photocatalysts are also discussed, with a good hope to shed light on further promoting the rapid progress of this dynamic research field.     

System reliability analysis of an N-version programming application

This paper presents a quantitative reliability analysis of a system designed to tolerate both hardware and software faults. The system achieves integrated fault tolerance by implementing N-version programming (NVP) on redundant hardware. The system analysis considers unrelated software faults, related software faults, transient hardware faults, permanent hardware faults, and imperfect coverage. The overall model is Markov in which the states of the Markov chain represent the long-term evolution of the system-structure. For each operational configuration, a fault-tree model captures the effects of software faults and transient hardware faults on the task computation. The software fault model is parameterized using experimental data associated with a recent implementation of an NVP system using the current design paradigm. The hardware model is parameterized by considering typical failure rates associated with hardware faults and coverage parameters. The authors results show that it is important to consider both hardware and software faults in the reliability analysis of an NVP system, since these estimates vary with time. Moreover, the function for error detection and recovery is extremely important to fault-tolerant software. Several orders of magnitude reduction in system unreliability can be observed if this function is provided promptly