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The bonding of β'-Al2O3 and pyrex glass to Al matrix composites by anodic bonding process is achieved. The microstructure of the bonded interface and the joining mechanisms are analyzed with scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (EDX). It is observed that the bonding region across the interface consists of the metal layer, oxide transitional layer and the ceramic layer, with the transitional layer composed of surface region and sub-surface region. The bonding process can mainly be categorized into anodic bonding process and solid state diffusing process. The pile-up of the ions and its drift in the interface area are the main reasons for anode oxidation and joining of the interface. The temperature, voltage and the drift ions in the ceramic or glass during the bonding process are the essential conditions to solid state diffusing and oxide bonding at the interface. The voltages, temperature, pressure as well as the surface state are the main factors that influence the anodic bonding. 相似文献
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就通信设计在通信工程建设中的重要地位进行了思考,分析了加入WTO以后我国通信设计行业面临的挑战与机遇,探讨了新形势下我国通信设计行业的应对措施及发展思路。 相似文献
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Inertinite concentrates from three Australian bituminous coals were hydrogenated at various temperatures ranging from 350 to 475 °C in the presence of tetralin without any added catalyst. Both conversion yields and microscopic observations of the benzene-extracted hydrogenation residues have revealed that the hydrogenation of the inertinite macerals becomes significant only > 400 °C, whereas the dissolution-hydrogenation of the accompanying vitrinite macerals occurs mainly between 350 and 400 °C. The major reaction pathway for the inertinite particles in the hydrogenation process appears to be one of initial mild carbonization followed by hydrogenation. A simplified reaction scheme is proposed which describes the reaction pathway involved in the hydrogenation of inertinite. 相似文献
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对两种煤代油方式——水煤浆和煤制混合煤气进行了燃料价格、设备投资及运行费用的分析对比。结果表明,两种代油方法均有可观的经济效益,燃料费用可分别节约52.4%和45.2%。如果原燃油工业炉窑由于工艺需要已装有除尘设备而又可用产生的蒸汽做雾化剂时,则水煤浆代油更具有经济优势。 相似文献
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����Ȼ��Ϊ��Դ��ѹ��ʽ������ϵͳ 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
以天然气为能源,用燃气机代替电动机驱动压缩机并充分利用发动机废热、工业余热以及低品位环境热量的采暖、空调装置——燃气压缩式热泵近年来发展迅速。美国燃气设备的总装机容量已达到1.2GW,日本燃气机热泵占全部燃气制冷设备的29%,总装机容量大约1GW,燃气机热泵在英国、法国、德国、瑞士等都得到了较快的发展与应用。中研究了以天然气为驱动能源的压缩式热泵的特点及能量利用率,分析并测试了该系统的运行特性及交工况特性,进行了各种工况及转速下的实验研究。结果表明,该系统具有较好的部分负荷特性、一次能源利用率及交工况特性,为一种绿色高效的供热空调系统。 相似文献
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Strains of the gastrointestinal species Lactobacillus reuteri were electrotransformed with plasmid constructs containing the endo-1,3-1,4-beta-glucanase gene (bglM) of Bacillus macerans. The enzyme was expressed and secreted by the lactobacilli. A plasmid construct containing the bglM gene lacking its promoter was derived and was demonstrated to be useful as a promoter probe vector. 相似文献
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Dishongh T. Basaran C. Cartwright A.N. Ying Zhao Heng Liu 《Advanced Packaging, IEEE Transactions on》2002,25(3):433-438
In this paper the influence of the temperature cycle time history profile on the fatigue life of ball grid array (BGA) solder joints is studied. Temperature time history in a Pentium processor laptop computer was measured for a three-month period by means of thermocouples placed inside the computer. In addition, Pentium BGA packages were subjected to industry standard temperature cycles and also to in-situ measured temperature cycle profiles. Inelastic strain accumulation in each solder joint during thermal cycling was measured by high sensitivity Moire interferometry technique. Results indicate that fatigue life of the solder joint is not independent of the temperature cycle profile used. Industry standard temperature cycle profile leads to conservative fatigue life observations by underestimating the actual number of cycles to failure. 相似文献