Enhancement of adenovirus-mediated gene transfer to human bone marrow cells

Adenovirus infection of CD34+ hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells is dependent on the multiplicity of infection (MOI), time of incubation, the volume in which the co-incubation occurs and the presence or absence of growth factors. Studies revealed that a brief co-incubation (1-8 hours), resulted in low levels of transgene expression, suggesting that adenovirus infection of CD34+ cells occurs slowly, and optimal transduction requires a 24 hour exposure to adenovirus. Infection by Ad/beta-gal or Ad/p53 at a MOI of 500:1 provided a high transduction efficiency but inhibited hematopoietic function. However, treatment at a MOI of 50-100 resulted in efficient transduction (10.7-15.7% positive) without detectable toxicity. Secondary proof of adenovirus transgene expression was demonstrated by detection of mRNA for p53 in Ad/p53 infected stem cells. We conclude that a 24 hour exposure to recombinant adenovirus encoding p53 or beta-gal, at a MOI of 50-100 is optimal for in vitro gene transfer to BM cells and has no significant effect on hematopoietic function. Adenovirus-mediated transduction of BM cells can also be modulated by growth factors (IL-3, GM-CSF and G-CSF) with improved gene delivery and maintenance of hematopoietic function. In summary, adenovirus vectors can be used to transiently transduce stem cells, and conditions have been defined to maximize expression and limit inhibitory effects on CD34+ cells. These data support continued investigation of this vector for local cytokine delivery and purging of stem cell products.     

Isomorphous replacement of cystine with selenocystine in endothelin: oxidative refolding, biological and conformational properties of [Sec3,Sec11,Nle7]-endothelin-1

Air re-oxidation of fully reduced human endothelin-1 under optimized conditions yields the natural isomer with parallel disulfide bridges and the non-natural isomer with crossed disulfide bridges at a ratio of 3:1. In view of the recently determined highly reducing redox potential of selenocysteine (-381 mV) in peptides, the half-cystine residues Cys3 and Cys11 of the natural isomer of endothelin-1 were replaced by selenocysteine. Taking advantage of the high stability of the diselenide group toward reducing agents for disulfides a regioselective disulfide bridging of the second cysteine pair allowed for straightforward preparation of the [Sec3,Sec11, Nle7]-endothelin-1. NMR structural analysis showed conformational preferences of this endothelin analog that were identical to those of the natural hormone. Similarly, the bioactivity data confirmed that replacement of cysteine residues with selenocysteine was without detectable effect on receptor recognition and signal transduction. Both findings strongly support that the exchange of sulfur against selenium produces a fully isomorphous molecule as recently observed for similar exchanges at the level of methionine residues in proteins. Moreover, oxidative refolding of the fully reduced [Sec3,Sec11,Nle7]-endothelin-1 fulfilled the expectation that the redox potential of the selenocysteines would dictate quantitative formation of the natural isomer. These results suggest that the selenocysteine approach, besides offering an interesting chemical tool for induction of correct oxidative folding of multiple cysteine-containing peptides, should even allow for the preparation of non-natural isomers and thus for studying conformational preferences of folding intermediates in peptides and proteins.     

Two patients with polymyositis or dermatomyositis complicated with massive pleural effusion

Two patients with polymyositis (PM) or dermatomyositis (DM) complicated with massive pleural effusion are reported here. Both patients presented a high-grade fever, pleural effusion prominent on the right, and good response to steroid therapy. In a 50-year-old woman with PM, combined process of pleural inflammation, cardiomyopathy and coexisting hypothyroidism were considered to be responsible for the accumulation of the massive pleural effusion. However, in a 34-year-old man with DM, pleural inflammation associated with interstitial pneumonia or pleural microvasculopathy in DM was considered to be responsible for the accumulation of the massive pleural effusion.     

Diagnosis and rehabilitation strategies for patients with hysterical hemiparesis: a report of four cases

BACKGROUND: Sulphidoleukotrienes (slt) are important mediators in allergic diseases that are synthesized after allergen-specific stimulation. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to determine in vitro slt production after allergen-specific (Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus) stimulus of peripheral blood leucocytes and to observe whether histamine release in whole blood with the same allergen correlates with slt production. We also wanted to evaluate whether a correlation exists between the release of slt and histamine and other diagnostic procedures as well as various clinical situations. METHODS: We studied 62 patients sensitive to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Der p), 30 atopic controls and 12 healthy donors. We determined slt production using the CAST-ELISA technique and histamine release using two concentrations of Der p extract (20 and 2 ng/mL). We also carried out quantification of specific and total IgE levels, skin tests and pulmonary function test on each patient. RESULTS: We observed a significantly increased slt release after in vitro stimulation with Der p. There was a significant difference in the slt release between controls and sensitive patients (P < 0.001) and between atopic controls and sensitive patients (P < 0.001). The data are similar to those obtained with histamine release. We noted a positive correlation (P < 0.001) between slt and histamine release (r = 0.71, at 2 ng/mL and r = 0.83 at 20 ng/mL). We also found a positive (P<0.001), although weak (r=0.4 with at 2ng/mL, and r = 0.34 with P = 0.003 at 20 ng/mL) correlation between slt release and specific IgE levels as well as between slt release and skin-test reactivity (r = 0.49 at 2 ng/mL and r = 0.45 at 20 ng/mL; P < 0.001). No significant correlation between slt release and asthma severity was observed, although a trend toward higher slt production in severe and moderate asthma was detected. We found a significant (P<0.001) but weak (r=-0.3) negative correlation between age and slt release. With respect to sex-related differences, we found significant differences (P < 0.05) in slt release between the sexes with a higher slt release in men than in women. CONCLUSION: We conclude that CAST-ELISA for quantification of slt production is a useful in vitro method for diagnosing sensitization to Der p. There also exists a close correlation between slt release and other parameters of allergic sensitization in vitro as well as in vivo.     

Preparation of γ-alumina thin membrane by sol-gel processing and its characterization by gas permeation

-alumina porous membranes without pinholes or cracks were prepared by the sol-gel process. The boehmite sol obtained from hydrolysation of aluminium isopropoxide was applied to the inner surface of a porous supporting tube by a dipping procedure. The effects of sol concentration and the repetition number of dipping-drying-firing procedure on the membrane performance were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller method in connection with the micro-structure of the membrane. Gas permeation measurements were also conducted. The gas permeation through the thin membranes is well explained by Knudsen's flow, indicating the pores are controlled finely and homogeneously.     

Effects of temperature and grain size on deformation and fracture in recrystallized Ni3Al doped with boron

The effects of temperature and grain size on the deformation and fracture behaviour of recrystallized Ni₃Al doped with boron were investigated by tensile tests at temperatures up to 973 K as a function of grain sizes from 1.6 to 105m. The yield stress showed a positive temperature dependence to a peak temperature in somewhat different manners depending on the grain size. For coarse-grained specimens, a rapid drop in elongation was observed with increasing temperature. The predominant fracture mode changed with temperature from the transgranular fracture of {1 1 1} cracking to brittle intergranular fracture. This embrittlement at elevated temperatures was considered to occur by a high stress concentration at grain boundaries arising from increased flow stress level and the occurrence of grain boundary sliding (GBS). In contrast, the elongation was not so markedly decreased with temperature for intermediate- and fine-grained specimens which exhibited ductile intergranular fracture and cavitation fracture, respectively, at elevated temperatures, and a slant-type fracture and cup-cone fracture, respectively, at low temperatures. The suppression of serious high-temperature embrittlement for intermediate-grained specimens was explained in terms of the slow propagation of a crack formed by GBS, owing to stress relaxation by dynamic recrystallization (DR) and plastic deformation. In the case of ultra-fine-grained specimens a large elongation was developed at elevated temperatures, which was interpreted as that the further occurrence of DR with increasing volume fraction of grain boundaries reduces the cavitation promoted by GBS, and that the limited sliding length due to extremely small grain diameter raises the stress for cavity formation.     

Bottom-up multi-agent reinforcement learning by reward shaping for cooperative-competitive tasks

Applied Intelligence - A multi-agent system (MAS) is expected to be applied to various real-world problems where a single agent cannot accomplish given tasks. Due to the inherent complexity in the...     

A novel quarter‐wave retardation film for improving viewing angle properties in time‐sequential stereoscopic 3D‐LCDs

We have successfully developed a quarter‐wave retardation film (QWF) for wide viewing angle 3D liquid crystal displays (3D‐LCDs) that provides high luminance, low crosstalk, low color change, and low head‐tilt‐angle dependency. It was found that the out‐of‐plane retardation (Rth) of the QWF in the LCD needs to be close to 0 nm in order to improve the 3D display properties at an off‐axis position and that the in‐plane retardation (Re) needs to be adjusted from 120 to 130 nm to achieve low color change with head tilting. We adopted a coating process for making our QWF because of its potential for retardation control. 3D‐LCDs with this QWF whose Rth was nearly zero had high performance and allowed off‐axis other than on‐axis.     

Constructive model-based analysis for safety assessment

The aerospace industry still uses fault trees to perform reliability analysis. This is because fault-tree modeling and analysis (FTA) seems easier to practical engineers when compared with Markov models, even though FTA provides a weaker form of analysis. In this paper, we propose an automatic strategy for generating Markov-based models and corresponding analysis formulations, according to ARP 4761, directly from Simulink diagrams annotated with failure information. The generated Markov-based models are expressed in the formal language PRISM, and the analysis is carried out by the PRISM model checker. The strategy is compositional and based on a comprehensive set of translation rules from Simulink to PRISM. We briefly address soundness and completeness of the rules and, to illustrate the application of the strategy, we apply it to a classical avionics case study: an actuator control system.     

"Pored-domes" of the fenestrated endotheliocyte of the glomerular and peritubular capillaries in the rodent kidney.

The fenestrated endotheliocyte of peritubular and glomerular capillaries in rat and mouse kidneys were observed with SEM and TEM. In the glomerular capillary, so-called "pored-domes" were found not only at the fenestrated areolae but also at the nuclear region of the endotheliocyte. At the region between filtration surface and nuclear region, they accumulated to construct a sponge-like structure. The endotheliocyte of peritubular capillary also showed small "pored-domes". The size and morphology of the pores in the "pored-domes" of glomerular and peritubular capillaries were similar to those of areolae fenestratae of the respective capillary. Based on the findings, we assumed that pored-domes and the sponge-like structure are the reservoir for the fenestrated area of the endotheliocyte to accommodate the rapid expansion of capillary lumen.