全文获取类型
收费全文 | 4554篇 |
免费 | 196篇 |
国内免费 | 2篇 |
学科分类
工业技术 | 4752篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 43篇 |
2022年 | 24篇 |
2021年 | 99篇 |
2020年 | 56篇 |
2019年 | 79篇 |
2018年 | 105篇 |
2017年 | 80篇 |
2016年 | 114篇 |
2015年 | 87篇 |
2014年 | 142篇 |
2013年 | 197篇 |
2012年 | 170篇 |
2011年 | 216篇 |
2010年 | 160篇 |
2009年 | 159篇 |
2008年 | 143篇 |
2007年 | 160篇 |
2006年 | 135篇 |
2005年 | 126篇 |
2004年 | 124篇 |
2003年 | 95篇 |
2002年 | 99篇 |
2001年 | 82篇 |
2000年 | 98篇 |
1999年 | 117篇 |
1998年 | 248篇 |
1997年 | 180篇 |
1996年 | 153篇 |
1995年 | 93篇 |
1994年 | 71篇 |
1993年 | 84篇 |
1992年 | 48篇 |
1991年 | 48篇 |
1990年 | 42篇 |
1989年 | 48篇 |
1988年 | 41篇 |
1987年 | 49篇 |
1986年 | 35篇 |
1985年 | 34篇 |
1984年 | 43篇 |
1983年 | 38篇 |
1982年 | 28篇 |
1981年 | 27篇 |
1980年 | 39篇 |
1979年 | 35篇 |
1978年 | 37篇 |
1977年 | 50篇 |
1976年 | 79篇 |
1974年 | 31篇 |
1973年 | 25篇 |
排序方式: 共有4752条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
21.
22.
T Higashiguchi PO Hasselgren K Wagner JE Fischer 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1993,17(4):307-314
The purpose of this study was to determine the etiologic factors of denture stomatitis. Fifteen subjects with clinical evidence of localized simple denture stomatitis, fifteen subjects without clinical signs of denture stomatitis, and forty-five subjects with clinical evidence of generalized simple denture stomatitis were investigated clinically and mycologically. Subjects were evaluated according to age, sex, duration of denture usage, smoking habits, frequency of denture brushing, overnight denture wearing, pH level of saliva and degree of candidal colonization and candidal formation. Salivary samples and swabs were taken from the palate and the mucosal surfaces of the dentures investigated mycologically in order to identify the yeast colonies. Smears were taken from the palate and investigated in order to identify candidal formation. No statistically significant relationship was found between denture stomatitis and age, sex, duration of denture usage, frequency of denture brushing, overnight denture wearing or pH level of saliva. There was however, a statistically significant relationship between denture stomatitis and denture hygiene, smoking habits, candidal colonization and candidal formation. 相似文献
23.
A test designed to separate those undergoing thoracic surgery without complications and those with complications must be both highly specific and sensitive. Clearly, the difference between patients at opposite ends of the population curves is easy to identify. Spirometry can be helpful for screening, although it is not a very discriminating test. If patients fall in the overlap region between the populations, however, it is impossible to discern the risks with any certainty using low-yield tests. A test with higher sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values is necessary to ascertain such marginal differences. With this kind of analysis at hand, preoperative testing can be divided into three predictive value groups. Calculating the predictive value of each preoperative test can provide a comparative measure of usefulness of discriminative power (Table 1). In this way, spirometry, blood gas analysis, and stair climbing tolerance are shown to be poor predictors of outcome. An intermediate predictive value can be achieved using diffusion capacity, exercise-induced decreases in O2 saturation, and exercise PVR. High predictive value can be accomplished with combination indexes (PPP, possibly PRQ), measurement of VO2 at 40 watts of exercise, or VO2max. Logic dictates a step-wise preoperative evaluation using prediction value analysis (Fig.4). A flow decision chart for the preoperative evaluation of patients for pulmonary resection begins with exercise oximetry, spirometry, and blood gas analysis as general screening tests to separate those patients at minimal or no risks for complications from those patients that require further evaluation. Functional indexes (PPP, PRQ) or exercise testing can aid further in the selection of those patients in whom a nonsurgical option should be considered. Flow decision chart for the preoperative evaluation of patients for pulmonary resection should continue to evolve as new information about outcome studies is gathered. Examination of outcome data will provide us with reduction of the size of the nonoperable population, so that we can deny only those patients who truly pose a prohibitive risk. 相似文献
24.
25.
Dr. H. Fischer 《Computing》1989,41(3):261-265
The paper deals with a special problem in Automatic Differentiation. Letf be a rational function ofn variables, let #(f) denote the number of operations to evaluatef(x), letg denote the gradient off. Many algorithms for minimizingf(x) require the scalar productg(u) tv. In the standard method for computingg(u) tv the amount of work grows withn·#(f). In this note a new method for computingg(u) tv is presented. The new method is considerably faster, its amount of work only grows with #(f). 相似文献
26.
27.
H Teschler G Hoheisel M Fischer KM Müller N Konietzko U Costabel 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1993,118(48):1749-1754
Pulmonary asbestos burdens are usually determined by quantitative pulmonary dust analysis. The aim of this study was to investigate the value of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) for this purpose. First, the upper limit of normal for asbestos bodies (AB) in BAL fluid was established using a reference group of 371 patients with no evidence of increased exposure to asbestos. 99% of these patients had less than 0.5 AB/ml. In order to see whether BAL fluid AB concentration reflected pulmonary tissue content, BAL fluid and lung tissue from a further 64 patients with diverse histories of asbestos exposure were investigated. There was a positive association between AB concentration in BAL fluid and lung tissue only for the overall group of 64 patients (r = 0.86; P < 0.001). Twelve of 13 patients with more than 1 AB/ml and ten patients with more than 5 AB/ml had more than 1000 AB/cm3 lung tissue, a value that is usually exceeded in asbestosis. When the upper concentration limit was set at 0.5 AB/ml for BAL fluid and 50 AB/cm3 for lung tissue, only two out of 64 patients had a false positive value (specificity 95%), but eleven patients had false negative results (sensitivity 58%). These investigations establish that concentrations of > or = 0.5 AB/ml are a reliable indicator of increased asbestos exposure and concentrations > 1 AB/ml are associated with a higher probability of having more than 1000 AB/cm3 lung tissue. However, exclusion of increased asbestos exposure is not possible on the basis of negative BAL findings, since the sensitivity of the method is too low. 相似文献
28.
M Kay R Wyllie W Michener M Caulfield R Steffen 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1993,60(6):473-478
We report two young men with clinical and laboratory evidence of macroscopic ulcerative colitis, sclerosing cholangitis, and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The first patient presented at age 15 with vomiting, abdominal pain, weight loss, and abnormal liver function test results. Liver biopsy and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) demonstrated sclerosing cholangitis. Colonoscopy with biopsy revealed ulcerative colitis which responded to sulfasalazine. Diabetes occurred at age 18 and insulin therapy was begun. The second patient was 19 at presentation with diarrhea, hematochezia, and weight loss. Proctosigmoidoscopy revealed ulcerative colitis, and sulfasalazine led to clinical remission. Three months later he developed diabetes requiring insulin therapy. At age 28, he developed elevated alkaline phosphatase, and ERCP revealed sclerosing cholangitis. At age 37 he expired from adenocarcinoma that metastasized to the liver. Literature review revealed only one possible case report of this association with microscopic asymptomatic ulcerative colitis in that patient. Statistical analysis suggests that this association is real rather than a chance occurrence. An autoimmune process may be involved and a specific histocompatibility locus antigen (HLA) type may exert a regulatory influence. 相似文献
29.
The influence of the specimen thickness B and the ligament length b on the J
R
-curves is numerically investigated for CT specimens. The thickness effect is taken into account with 2-D analyses by dividing a plain sided specimen into a plane stress part and a plane strain part. The fracture process is controlled by experimentally determined critical values of the crack tip opening displacement for crack growth initiation (CTODi) and the crack tip opening angle for stable crack growth (CTOAC). It is shown that for the global behaviour of a plain sided specimen, the B/b ratio is essential. The difference between the geometry dependence of the initiation value of the J-integral and the geometry dependence of the slope of the J
R
-curves is also shown. 相似文献
30.
JL Boyer S Siddiqi B Fischer T Romero-Avila KA Jacobson TK Harden 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1996,118(8):1959-1964
1. A series of chain-extended 2-thioether derivatives of adenosine monophosphate were synthesized and tested as agonists for activation of the phospholipase C-linked P2Y-purinoceptor of turkey erythrocyte membranes, the adenylyl cyclase-linked P2Y-purinoceptor of C6 rat glioma cells, and the cloned human P2U-receptor stably expressed in 1321N1 human astrocytoma cells. 2. Although adenosine monophosphate itself was not an agonist in the two P2Y-purinoceptor test systems, eleven different 2-thioether-substituted adenosine monophosphate analogues were full agonists. The most potent of these agonists, 2-hexylthio AMP, exhibited an EC50 value of 0.2 nM for activation of the C6 cell receptor. This potency was 16,000 fold greater than that of ATP and was only 10 fold less than the potency of 2-hexylthio ATP in the same system. 2-hexylthio adenosine was inactive. 3. Monophosphate analogues that were the most potent activators of the C6 cell P2Y-purinoceptor were also the most potent activators of the turkey erythrocyte P2Y-purinoceptor. However, agonists were in general more potent at the C6 cell receptor, and potency differences varied between 10 fold and 300 fold between the two receptors. 4. Although 2-thioether derivatives of adenosine monophosphate were potent P2Y-purinoceptor agonists no effect of these analogues on the human P2U-purinoceptor were observed. 5. These results support the view that a single monophosphate is sufficient and necessary for full agonist activity at P2Y-purinoceptors, and provide insight for strategies for development of novel P2Y-purinoceptor agonists of high potency and selectivity. 相似文献