\lambda -Statistical convergence of fuzzy numbers and fuzzy functions of order \theta

In this paper, we introduce the concept of $\lambda $ -statistical convergence of order $\theta $ and strong $\lambda $ -summability of order $\theta $ for the sequence of fuzzy numbers. Further the same concept is extended to the sequence of fuzzy functions and introduce the spaces like $S_\lambda ^\theta (\hat{f})$ and $\omega _{\lambda p} ^\theta (\hat{f})$ . Some inclusion relations in those spaces and also the underlying relation between these two spaces are also obtained.     

The categories L-\mathbf{Top}_{0} and L-\mathbf{Sob} as epireflective hulls

We show that the category \(L\) - \(\mathbf{Top}_{0}\) of \(T_{0}\) - \(L\) -topological spaces is the epireflective hull of Sierpinski \(L\) -topological space in the category \(L\) - \(\mathbf{Top}\) of \(L\) -topological spaces and the category \(L\) - \(\mathbf{Sob}\) of sober \(L\) -topological spaces is the epireflective hull of Sierpinski \(L\) -topological space in the category \(L\) - \(\mathbf{Top}_{0}\) .     

Synthesis of Polycarbonate Precursors over Titanosilicate Molecular Sieves

A novel catalytic application of titanosilicate molecular sieves (TS-1 and TiMCM-41), in the synthesis of polycarbonate precursors like cyclic carbonates and dimethyl and diphenyl carbonates, avoiding toxic chemicals like phosgene or CO, is reported. Cyclic carbonates were prepared, over TS-1 and TiMCM-41, in high yields, by cycloaddition of CO₂ to epoxides, like epichlorohydrin, propylene oxide and styrene oxide, at low temperatures and pressures. Further, transesterification of the cyclic carbonates with methanol and phenol, over TiMCM-41, yielded other polycarbonate precursors like dimethyl carbonate (DMC) and diphenyl carbonate (DPC). The cyclic carbonates could also be synthesized from the olefins in the same reactor by reacting the olefins, in the presence of TiMCM-41, with a mixture of an epoxidizing agent (like H₂O₂ or tert-butyl hydroperoxide) and CO₂.     

IR studies on preoxidized PAN fibres

IR absorption spectra of preoxidized PAN fibres have been studied in the spectral region 2–15 μ. Observed frequencies have been assigned to the different modes of vibration. The neighbouring frequencies appearing in the stretching mode region of the nitrile group has been interpreted in terms of Fermi-resonance and a basis for the correlation between their intensity ratio and the degree of oxidation has also been discussed.     

Dense subgraph maintenance under streaming edge weight updates for real-time story identification

Recent years have witnessed an unprecedented proliferation of social media. People around the globe author, everyday, millions of blog posts, social network status updates, etc. This rich stream of information can be used to identify, on an ongoing basis, emerging stories, and events that capture popular attention. Stories can be identified via groups of tightly coupled real-world entities, namely the people, locations, products, etc, that are involved in the story. The sheer scale and rapid evolution of the data involved necessitate highly efficient techniques for identifying important stories at every point of time. The main challenge in real-time story identification is the maintenance of dense subgraphs (corresponding to groups of tightly coupled entities) under streaming edge weight updates (resulting from a stream of user-generated content). This is the first work to study the efficient maintenance of dense subgraphs under such streaming edge weight updates. For a wide range of definitions of density, we derive theoretical results regarding the magnitude of change that a single edge weight update can cause. Based on these, we propose a novel algorithm, DynDens, which outperforms adaptations of existing techniques to this setting and yields meaningful, intuitive results. Our approach is validated by a thorough experimental evaluation on large-scale real and synthetic datasets.     

Kinetics of esterification of cycloaliphatic epoxies with methacrylic acid

The esterification of cycloaliphatic epoxy resins CER I and CER II containing glycidyl and cyclohexane epoxy groups, respectively, as their reactive units was carried out using a 1 : 0.9 stoichiometric ratio of resin and methacrylic acid in the presence of triphenylphosphine. The reaction was performed at 80, 85, 90, 95, and 100°C and it followed second‐order kinetics. The specific rate constants, calculated by regression analysis, were found to obey an Arrhenius expression. Kinetic and thermodynamic parameters, activation energy, frequency factor, entropy, enthalpy, and free energy of the reaction, revealed that the reaction was spontaneous and irreversible and produced a highly ordered activated complex. The reactivity of CER II was found to be higher than that of CER I. The difference in the reactivity of the cycloaliphatic epoxies was explained by proposing a reaction mechanism. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 3197–3204, 2002     

Forensic image analysis using inconsistent noise pattern

With the advancement of image acquisition devices and social networking services, a huge volume of image data is generated. Using different image and video processing applications, these image data are manipulated, and thus, original images get tampered. These tampered images are the prime source of spreading fake news, defaming the personalities and in some cases (when used as evidence) misleading the law bodies. Hence before relying totally on the image data, the authenticity of the image must be verified. Works of the literature are reported for the verification of the authenticity of an image based on noise inconsistency. However, these works suffer from limitations of confusion between edges and noise, post-processing operation for localization and need of prior knowledge about an image. To handle these limitations, a noise inconsistency-based technique has been presented here to detect and localize a false region in an image. This work consists of three major steps of pre-processing, noise estimation and post-processing. For the experimental purpose two, publicly available datasets are used. The result is discussed in terms of precision, recall, accuracy and f1-score on the pixel level. The result of the presented work is also compared with the recent state-of-the-art techniques. The average accuracy of the proposed work on datasets is 91.70%, which is highest among state-of-the-art techniques.

     

Multi-Model Approach to Assess the Dynamics of Hydrologic Components in a Tropical Ecosystem

Estimation of terrestrial water budget at global and regional scales are essential for efficient agricultural water management, flood predictions, and, hydrological modeling. In hydrological modeling, it is a challenging task to quantify the major hydrological components like runoff, evapotranspiration (ET), and total water storage (TWS) due to improper and limited availability of detailed meteorological datasets. Furthermore, there has been no consensus to answer a-decade-long critical question that a less data-intensive models can be an alternate to robust data-intensive models in data scarce conditions. This study aims at multi-model approach over the single models usage for representing the hydrological behaviour in the Kangsabati River Basin (KRB), India. It is done by applying the standard model selection criteria over various hydrological models. Two hydrological models are selected, a semi- distributed model, Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC-3 L), and a conceptually lumped model, Identification of unit Hydrograph and Component flows from Rainfall, Evapotranspiration and Streamflow (IHACRES). Both models were calibrated against the observed daily discharge at the KRB outlet for the period of 2001–2006 and validated for 2008–2010. The results show that both VIC-3 L and IHACRES produce reasonable runoff estimates at daily and monthly time scale in the KRB. The ET estimates show that VIC-3 L and IHACRES captured the seasonal variations with the percent change of 0.4% and 6.6% respectively. As IHACRES is simpler, parsimonious, fewer parameters, and better performances, it can be useful for hydrological modeling in data-scarce regions.

     

Hydrological Response to Agricultural Land Use Heterogeneity Using Variable Infiltration Capacity Model

Hydrological responses corresponding to the agricultural land use alterations are critical for planning crop management strategies, water resources management, and environmental evaluations. However, accurate estimation and evaluation of these hydrological responses are restricted by the limited availability of detailed crop classification in land use and land cover. An innovative approach using state-of-the-art Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) model is utilized by setting up the crop-specific vegetation parameterization and analyse the effect of uniform and heterogeneous agricultural land use over the hydrological responses of the basin, in the Kangsabati River Basin (KRB). Thirteen year simulations (1998–2010) based on two different scenarios i.e., single-crop in agricultural land use (SC-ALU) and multi-crop in agricultural land use (MC-ALU) patterns are incorporated in the model and calibrated (1998–2006) and validated (2007–2010) for the streamflow at Reservoir and Mohanpur in the KRB. The results demonstrated that the VIC model improved the estimates of hydrological components, especially surface runoff and evapotranspiration (ET) at daily and monthly timescales corresponding to MC-ALU than SC-ALU (NSC?>?0.7). Grid-scale ET estimates are improved after incorporating heterogeneous agricultural land use (NSC?>?0.55 and R²?>?0.55) throughout the period of 1998–2010. This study improves our understanding on how the change in agricultural land use in the model settings alters the basin hydrological characteristics, and to provide model-based approaches for best management practices in irrigation scheduling, crop water requirement, and management strategies in the absence of flux towers, eddy covariance, and lysimeters in the basin.

     

Modelling geometric and thermal errors in a five-axis cnc machine tool

The total volumetric error within the workspace of a machine tool is induced by the propagation of both scalar and position dependent geometrical errors, as well as time-variant thermal errors. This paper presents a compact volumetric error model which can be used as a basis for a practical compensation scheme. The broad objective is to increase the achievable accuracy of an industrial five-axis CNC machine tool. In place of using Denavit-Hartenberg (D-H) transformations, the method used here directly considers the shape and joint transformations for inaccurate links and joints using small angle approximations and then finds the total volumetric error in the workspace as a function of all the possible errors.The development of the model shows that angular deviations are independent of translational errors. However, the tool point deviations are dependent on both translational and rotational errors. The model has been used for the design and testing of a compensation strategy. The simulation studies indicate that CNC compensation for errors in X, Y and Z axes is possible. However, the capability of the CNC compensation for pitch, roll and yaw errors is dependent on the positioning of the rotary axes on the machine tool. This is shown by an example using the compensation scheme developed.