Stigmatized sources and persuasion: Prejudice as a determinant of argument scrutiny.

Two experiments examined the viability of several explanations for why majority group individuals process persuasive messages from stigmatized sources more than those from nonstigmatized sources. in each study. majority group participants who either were high or low in prejudice or were high or low in ambivalence toward a stigmatized source's group were exposed to a persuasive communication attributed to a stigmatized (Black, Experiment 1; homosexual, Experiment 2) or nonstigmatized (White, Experiment 1; heterosexual, Experiment 2) source. In both studies, source stigmatization increased message scrutiny only among those who were low in prejudice toward the stigmatized group. This finding is most consistent with the view that people scrutinize messages from stigmatized sources in order to guard against possibly unfair reactions by themselves or others. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Residual stresses in marine coatings under simulated service conditions

Studies have been made of the effect of cyclic temperature changes and wet/dry cycling on the residual stresses in marine coatings applied to steel substrates. A thermoplastic and a thermoset have been use as single coatings and as bi-layers consisting of the thermoset applied on top of the thermoplastic. Cyclic changes associated with differential thermal expansion/contraction between substrate and coating and with water absorption or desorption were observed, and it was found in addition that progressive changes in residual stress were sometimes superimposed on the cyclic changes. The effect was larger with the thermoplastic coating than with the thermoset. The stresses developed in the bi-layers were generally smaller than those in single layer coatings and were generally less sensitive to the cyclic changes in conditions. The effects were partly controlled by the thicknesses of the two layers in the bi-layer coatings. Stresses as high as 6 MPa were measured during the course of this work, a significant fraction of the failure strength of the coatings.     

Nanocomposite Materials Formed by Ion Implantation

Ion implantation has become a versatile and powerful technique for synthesizing nanometer‐scale clusters and crystals embedded in the near‐surface region of a variety of hosts in order to create nanocomposite materials with often unique optical, magnetic, and other properties. Here we review some of the principal features of this nanophase materials synthesis technique as well as the materials properties that are exhibited by nanocomposites created by using ion beams. Outstanding difficulties and future research directions are also discussed.     

Photodegradation of polypropylene containing a nucleating agent

The effect of including 0.5 wt % talc on the photodegradation behavior of polypropylene (PP) was investigated in injection-molded samples exposed to ultraviolet radiation (UV) in the laboratory for periods of up to 24 weeks. The structure of the talc-nucleated samples was characterized by X-ray diffraction and light microscopy and compared with that of nonnucleated PP, and the information was used to explain the differences in their photodegradation behavior. Measurements of the extent of chemical degradation were made by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and they showed that there is no significant effect of a nucleating agent on the kinetics of photooxidation. PP bars containing a nucleating agent showed a larger reduction in mechanical properties with UV exposure and a partial recovery in properties after prolonged exposure was observed with both types of samples. An increase in crystallinity during UV exposure (chemicrystallization) was detected by X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and the dependence with exposure time was similar in nucleated and nonnucleated samples. DSC was also used to determine the melting behavior and transition temperatures of the specimens during exposure and after recrystallization from the melt. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 64: 2505–2517, 1997     

Autonomous mobile robot global self-localization using Kohonen and region-feature neural networks

This article presents and compares two neural network-based approaches to global self-localization (GSL) for autonomous mobile robots using: (1) a Kohonen neural network, and (2) a region-feature neural network (RFNN). Both approaches categorize discrete regions of space (topographical nodes) in a manner similar to optical character recognition (OCR). That is, the mapped sonar data assumes the form of a character unique to that region. Hence, it is believed that an autonomous vehicle can determine which room it is in from sensory data gathered from exploration. With a robust exploration routine, the GSL solution can be time-, translation-, and rotation-invariant. The GSL solution can also become independent of the mobile robot used to collect the sensor data. This suggests that a single robot can transfer its knowledge of various learned regions to other mobile robots. The classification rate of both approaches are comparable and, thus, worthy of presentation. The observed pros and cons of both approaches are also discussed. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Exploiting Airline Reservation Technologies to Improve Navy Training Management

The Navy trains hundreds of thousands of students every year. For Navy training, yield management means offering the right school seats to the right customers (e.g. active duty, reservists, foreign nationals) at the right time to maximize fleet readiness. The yield management methods will permit the Navy to make the best use of its limited training resources. This paper discusses the yield management technologies that will be tightly integrated into the Navy's new on-line training seat reservation system.     

Real time monitoring of bioreactor mAb IgG3 cell culture process dynamics via Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy: Implications for enabling cell culture process analytical technologyŽ 

Compared to small molecule process analytical technology (PAT) applications, biotechnology product PAT applications have certain unique challenges and opportunities. Understanding process dynamics of bioreactor cell culture process is essential to establish an appropriate process control strategy for biotechnology product PAT applications. Inline spectroscopic techniques for real time monitoring of bioreactor cell culture process have the distinct potential to develop PAT approaches in manufacturing biotechnology drug products. However, the use of inline Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic techniques for bioreactor cell culture process monitoring has not been reported. In this work, real time inline FTIR Spectroscopy was applied to a lab scale bioreactor mAb IgG3 cell culture fluid biomolecular dynamic model. The technical feasibility of using FTIR Spectroscopy for real time tracking and monitoring four key cell culture metabolites (including glucose, glutamine, lactate, and ammonia) and protein yield at increasing levels of complexity (simple binary system, fully formulated media, actual bioreactor cell culture process) was evaluated via a stepwise approach. The FTIR fingerprints of the key metabolites were identified. The multivariate partial least squares (PLS) calibration models were established to correlate the process FTIR spectra with the concentrations of key metabolites and protein yield of in-process samples, either individually for each metabolite and protein or globally for all four metabolites simultaneously. Applying the 2^nd derivative pre-processing algorithm to the FTIR spectra helps to reduce the number of PLS latent variables needed significantly and thus simplify the interpretation of the PLS models. The validated PLS models show promise in predicting the concentration profiles of glucose, glutamine, lactate, and ammonia and protein yield over the course of the bioreactor cell culture process. Therefore, this work demonstrated the technical feasibility of real time monitoring of the bioreactor cell culture process via FTIR spectroscopy. Its implications for enabling cell culture PAT were discussed.     

99.7 Per Cent Pure

The HEPA air filter is only capable of processing 99.7 per cent of airborne particles, leaving 0.3 per cent unaccounted for. Mason White describes the work of Canadian installation artist An Te Liu who made air-filtration appliances his main subject. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Spinel formation for stabilizing simulated nickel-laden sludge with aluminum-rich ceramic precursors

The feasibility of stabilizing nickel-laden sludge from commonly available Al-rich ceramic precursors was investigated and accomplished with high nickel incorporation efficiency. To simulate the process, nickel oxide was mixed alternatively with gamma-alumina, corundum, kaolinite, and mullite and was sintered from 800 to 1480 degrees C. The nickel aluminate spinel (NiAl2O4) was confirmed as the stabilization phase for nickel and crystallized with efficiencies greater than 90% for all precursors above 1250 degrees C and 3-h sintering. The nickel-incorporation reaction pathways with these precursors were identified, and the microstructure and spinel yield were investigated as a function of sintering temperature with fixed sintering time. This study has demonstrated a promising process for forming nickel spinel to stabilize nickel-laden sludge from a wide range of inexpensive ceramic precursors, which may provide an avenue for economically blending waste metal sludges via the building industry processes to reduce the environmental hazards of toxic metals. The correlation of product textures and nickel incorporation efficiencies through selection of different precursors also provides the option of tailoring property-specific products.     

Biochemistry of hydrogen metabolism in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii wild type and a Rubisco-less mutant

Sulfate nutrient-deprivation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii   brings about prompt degradation of Rubisco and a concomitant substantial accumulation of starch. These changes precede hydrogen (_H2${\mathrm{H}}_2$) photoevolution by the cells. The cause-and-effect relationship between Rubisco loss, starch accumulation and subsequent _H2${\mathrm{H}}_2$-photoevolution in C. reinhardtii, and the role of illumination for these changes to occur, was investigated in this work. A Rubisco-less and acetate-requiring mutant of C. reinhardtii   (CC2653) was employed as a tool in this investigation and compared to the wild type (WT) in terms of protein and starch metabolic flux and _H2${\mathrm{H}}_2$-evolution upon sulfur deprivation. Results showed a prompt Rubisco degradation and concomitant 10-fold starch accumulation in the WT in the light, which was completed within 48 h of S-deprivation. This was followed by a regulated starch degradation and concomitant _H2${\mathrm{H}}_2$-photoevolution, which lasted for up to 120 h in S-deprivation. This massive flux of primary metabolites (protein and starch) did not occur in the dark in the WT, suggesting a strictly light-dependent and integrated process in metabolite rearrangement and _H2${\mathrm{H}}_2$-photoevolution in C. reinhardtii  . The Rubisco-less CC2653 mutant failed to accumulate starch upon S-deprivation in the light or dark and also failed to evolve _H2${\mathrm{H}}_2$ gas. These results suggested a temporal cause-and-effect relationship between the light-dependent catabolism of Rubisco and starch accumulation, and the subsequent ability of the cell to perform a light-dependent starch degradation and _H2${\mathrm{H}}_2$-photoevolution. The regulated starch breakdown in the light apparently provides the endogenous substrate that supports _H2${\mathrm{H}}_2$-evolution, both by feeding electrons into the plastoquinone pool in chloroplasts, and indirectly by sustaining mitochondrial respiration for the maintenance of anaerobiosis in the cell.