The surface-modified Strychnos potatorum seeds (SMSP) were used as an effective low-cost adsorbent for the removal of cadmium ions from aqueous solution. SMSP was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopic analyses. The effect of operating variables such as solution pH, adsorbent dose, contact time, initial cadmium ions concentration and temperature on the removal of cadmium ions were studied in a batch mode adsorption operation. The optimum conditions for the adsorption of cadmium ions onto the SMSP were found to be: pH of 5.0, SMSP dose of 2 g/L, contact time of 30min, temperature of 30 °C for an initial cadmium ions concentration of 100 mg/L. Kinetic data were analyzed using the pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order kinetic equations, intraparticle diffusion model, Boyd kinetic model and shrinking core model. The characteristic parameters for each model have been estimated. Adsorption of cadmium ions onto the SMSP follows the pseudo-second order kinetic model. The rate-limiting steps in the adsorption process were found to be external and internal diffusion. Equilibrium data were well described by the Langmuir isotherm model than the Freundlich isotherm model, which yields a maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of 200 mg/g. Thermodynamic parameters such as standard free energy change, enthalpy change and entropy change were also estimated. The results show that the removal of cadmium ions by the SMSP was found to be spontaneous and exothermic. 相似文献
Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) has many sensor nodes that connect with sync nodes. The sensor node's power is a limitation. The expense and difficulty of battery charging and replacement affect sensor node life and network length. Clustering reduces the cost of internal cluster communication, thereby conserving energy. Generally, researchers seek for low energy usage via providing data to monitor the cluster's energy use. Many of them are tied to network length. The Ant Group (TAS) technique is the first notion for establishing a cluster using the OC algorithm that saves electricity. Next, we use improved myopia (IM) to find the cluster head (CH). This minimises the number of clusters and the expense of internal communications. The proposed OC-TAS-IM algorithm attempts to enhance energy efficiency. In the network. The route is also conducted using a special algorithm in the low energy adaptive cluster range (reach). It contains Network Simulator implementation and simulation experiments to test specific OC-TAS-IM algorithms (NS2). Because of optimum clustering, the OC-TAS-IM method is stable in terms of energy clustering and grid lifespan.
Ta/Au ohmic contacts are fabricated on n-type ZnO (∼1 × 1017 cm−3) epilayers, which were grown on R-plane sapphire substrates by metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). After growth
and metallization, the samples are annealed at 300°C and 500°C for 30 sec in nitrogen ambient. The specific contact resistance
is measured to be 3.2×10−4 Ωcm2 for the as-deposited samples. It reduces to 5.4×10−6 Ωcm2 after annealing at 300°C for 30 sec without significant surface morphology degradation. When the sample is annealed at 500°C
for 30 sec, the specific contact resistance increases to 3.3 × 10−5 Ωcm2. The layer structures no longer exist due to strong Au and Ta in-diffusion and O out-diffusion. The contact surface becomes
rough and textured. 相似文献
In this paper, the fractional delay differential equation (FDDE) is considered for the purpose to develop an approximate scheme for its numerical solutions. The shifted Jacobi polynomial scheme is used to solve the results by deriving operational matrix for the fractional differentiation and integration in the Caputo and Riemann–Liouville sense, respectively. In addition to it, the Jacobi delay coefficient matrix is developed to solve the linear and nonlinear FDDE numerically. The error of the approximate solution of proposed method is discussed by applying the piecewise orthogonal technique. The applicability of this technique is shown by several examples like a mathematical model of houseflies and a model based on the effect of noise on light that reflected from laser to mirror. The obtained numerical results are tabulated and displayed graphically. 相似文献
In this paper, the robust reliable H∞ controller is designed for the problem of nonlinear actuator fault case in the uncertain networked control systems with randomly occurring missing data. More precisely, the occurrence of missing measurements is modeled by a stochastic variable in terms of Bernoulli random distribution. Also, the consideration of a nonlinear term in the input control scheme is a novel work for the proposed model. Suitable robust reliable design of control for a practical actuator fault model is constructed to guarantee the asymptotic stability of the system with H∞ performance level. A new form of Lyapunov‐Krasovskii functional with triple integral terms are formulated, and the reciprocally convex technique is utilized to establish the sufficient stability criterion in the form of linear matrix inequalities. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed control method is shown through numerical examples, and we can confirm that the derived condition attained less conservatism than the existing results. 相似文献
The wound dressing material has been fabricated with the novel Arothron stellatus fish skin collagen scaffold loaded with a bioactive extract obtained from Coccinia grandis (CPE) and drug Ciprofloxacin (D). The collagen scaffold was fabricated from the nonedible solid waste of marine origin (a cheaper source of raw material). The in vitro fluorescence staining of cells and in vivo evaluation of the fabricated scaffold exhibited enhanced cell adhesion and proliferation and indicated a more efficient wound healing paradigm than that of the control and other treated groups, respectively. The increased collagen synthesis and re-epithelialization of wound are proved to be potential wound constructs. 相似文献