Consumer shopping behaviour on the Internet: insights from Malaysia

Shopping on the Internet enables consumers to search for information on products or services and make purchases through direct interaction with online retailers. This study investigates consumer shopping behaviour on the Internet based on four aspects, i.e. the Internet marketing environment, product characteristics, familiarity, and promotional offers. The impact of influencing factors was checked by questionnaire survey, which was then processed and evaluated. Two hundred randomly selected respondents (students and employees in a public higher learning institution in the Federal Territory of Labuan, Malaysia) participated in the survey. Multiple regression analysis was used as a statistical measure to determine the most influential relationship aspect among a series of independent variables of consumer shopping on the Internet. The results revealed that familiarity has a great influence on consumer shopping on the Internet, followed by promotional offers. The assimilation of these aspects, and the empirical examination of the factors that influence consumer shopping on the Internet, advanced understanding of these constructs and their link to dynamic technology deployment for shopping. The paper suggests managerially actionable implications, and future research directions.     

Preparation and characterizations of activated carbon from kenaf fiber for equilibrium adsorption studies of copper from wastewater

The potential of activated carbon prepared from kenaf fiber (KF) to remove copper (II) from aqueous effluents was investigated. The fibers were first semi-carbonized, then impregnated with potassium hydroxide (KOH) and finally activated by using carbon dioxide (CO₂) gas to produce activated carbon. Pore structure and physical characteristics of the prepared kenaf fiber activated carbon (KFAC) were determined. Adsorption studies for divalent copper (Cu) ions were carried out to delineate the effect of contact time, temperature, pH and initial metal ion concentration on equilibrium adsorption capacity. The experimental data followed pseudo-second-order kinetics and Elovich Model than pseudo-first-order. Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin models were implemented to analyze the parameters for adsorption at 30 °C, 50 °C and 70 °C. Thermodynamic parameters such as ??G ^o , ??H ^o and ??S ^o which represent Gibbs free energy, enthalpy and entropy, respectively, were evaluated. It was concluded that activated carbon from kenaf fiber (KFAC) can be used as an efficient adsorbent for removal of Cu (II) from synthetic wastewater.     

Effect of Synthesis Technique and Carbonate Content on the Crystallinity and Morphology of Carbonated Hydroxyapatite

The syntheses of nanosized carbonated hydroxyapatite（CHA） were performed by comparing dropwise and direct pouring of acetone solution of Ca（N0₃）₂-4H₂0 into mixture of（NH₄）₂HP0₄ and NH₄HCO₃ at room temperature controlled at pH 11.Direct pouring method was later applied to study the increment of carbonate content in syntheses.The as-synthesized powders were characterized by various characterization techniques.The crystallographic results of the produced powders were obtained from X-ray diffraction analysis,whilst the carbonate content in the produced powders was determined by the CHNS/O elemental analyzer.Fourier transform infrared analysis confirmed that the CHA powders formed were B-type.Field emission scanning electron microscopy revealed that the powders were highly agglomerated in nanosized range and hence energy filtered transmission electron microscopy was employed to show elongated particles which decreased with increasing carbonate content.     

Robust hierarchical multiple hypothesis tracker for multiple-object tracking

Multiple object tracking is a fundamental subsystem of many higher level applications such as traffic monitoring, people counting, robotic vision and many more. This paper explains in details the methodology of building a robust hierarchical multiple hypothesis tracker for tracking multiple objects in the videos. The main novelties of our approach are anchor-based track initialization, prediction assistance for unconfirmed track and two virtual measurements for confirmed track. The system is built mainly to deal with the problems of merge, split, fragments and occlusion. The system is divided into two levels where the first level obtains the measurement input from foreground segmentation and clustered optical flow. Only K-best hypothesis and one-to-one association are considered. Two more virtual measurements are constructed to help track retention rate for the second level, which are based on predicted state and division of occluded foreground segments. Track based K-best hypothesis with multiple associations are considered for more comprehensive observation assignment. Histogram intersection testing is performed to limit the tracker bounding box expansion. Simulation results show that all our algorithms perform well in the surroundings mentioned above. Two performance metrics are used; multiple-object tracking accuracy (MOTA) and multiple-object tracking precision (MOTP). Our tracker have performed the best compared to the benchmark trackers in both performance evaluation metrics. The main weakness of our algorithms is the heavy processing requirement.     

Oil palm bunch ripeness classification using fluorescence technique

Oil palm is Malaysia’s major agriculture product and it covers approximately 5 million hectares of Malaysia’s land. Limited land resources have been an important factor that motivated the need to increase oil extraction rate (OER). OER of oil palm fresh fruit bunches (FFB) depends highly on their maturity stage. The ripe oil palm FFB will produce high OER while the under ripe and over ripe oil palm FFB will produce less oil. Thus, this paper presents a method of classification between oil palm FFB into ripe, under-ripe and over-ripe categories. This research was done at an oil palm plantation in peninsular Malaysia. A total of two-hundred and ten oil palm FFB that consist of seventy bunches for each category of under-ripe, ripe and over-ripe had been used. Each bunch was scanned ten times randomly with a hand-held multi-parameter fluorescence sensor called Multiplex®3. The parameter measured was the Blue-to-Red Fluorescence Ratio (BRR_FRF) obtained from blue-green (447 nm) and far-red (685 nm) emission signal by using ultraviolet (UV) light emitting diode as excitation light source. The novel contribution of this research is to prove that the oil palm FFB maturity can be determined using the Blue-to-Red Fluorescence ratio index. This is based to our finding of a significant difference among the three categories of ripeness based on the parameter. Classification and Regression Tree (C&RT) method was proposed in this paper. Hundred-fifty samples were used to develop the model by trained it using C&RT method and the remaining sixty samples for the test component. By using the C&RT method, the results show the best accuracy of overall testing classification is 90%. This research will be useful for future development of non-destructive, automatic and real time oil palm FFB grading system.     

Chryseobacterium meningosepticum in a parapneumonic effusion in a chronic kidney disease patient on hemodialysis

Chryseobacterium meningosepticum is an uncommon human pathogen, which is an inhabitant of soil and water. It should be included in the list of suspected nosocomial infections, especially in patients with immunocompromised status. C. meningosepticum infections are not common but are clinically important because the organism is naturally resistant to multiple antibiotics. We report a case where the bacterium was isolated from the pleural fluid from a chronic kidney disease patient on hemodialysis, who developed pneumonia with complicated parapneumonic effusion. To the best of our knowedge, this is the first case where C. meningosepticum is isolated from the pleural effusion, from India.     

On the Refinement Mechanism of Silicon in Al-Si-Cu-Zn Alloy with Addition of Bismuth

Obtained results of micro and nano studies reveal that bismuth refines the silicon in which the flake silicon changed to lamellar structure with reduction in twin spacing from 160 to 75 nm. Bismuth segregates towards the inter-dendritic regions and decreases the Al-Si contact angle resulting in suppression of the silicon growth causing refinement of the eutectic structure. Increased recalescence temperature and time confirmed that the refinement effect is attributed to the growth stage.     

Efficiency enhancement by mixed cation effect in dye-sensitized solar cells with a PVdF based gel polymer electrolyte

This paper reports the effect of using a mixed iodide salt system with two dissimilar cations to enhance the efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cells made with polyvinylidenefluoride (PVdF) based gel electrolyte. Instead of a single iodide salt, a mixture of potassium iodide (KI) with a small K⁺ cation and tetrapropylammonium iodide (Pr₄NI) with a bulky Pr₄N⁺ cation were used to provide the required iodide ion conductivity. Solar cells of configuration FTO/TiO₂/Dye/electrolyte/Pt/FTO were fabricated using a mesoporous TiO₂ electrode sensitized with a Ruthenium dye (N719). With identical electrolyte compositions, the cells with KI and Pr₄NI alone gave efficiencies of 2.37% and 2.90% respectively. The cell with the mixed iodide system, KI:Pr₄NI = 16.6:83.4 (% weight ratio), however, showed an enhanced efficiency of 3.92% with a short circuit current density of 9.16 mA cm⁻², open circuit voltage of 674.4 mV and a fill factor of 63.4%.     

Optimization of biohydrogen production by Clostridium butyricum EB6 from palm oil mill effluent using response surface methodology

Clostridium butyricum EB6 successfully produced hydrogen gas from palm oil mill effluent (POME). In this study, central composite design and response surface methodology were applied to determine the optimum conditions for hydrogen production (P_c) and maximum hydrogen production rate (R_max) from POME. Experimental results showed that the pH, temperature and chemical oxygen demand (COD) of POME affected both the hydrogen production and production rate, both individually and interactively. The optimum conditions for hydrogen production (P_c) were pH 5.69, 36 °C, and 92 g COD/l; with an estimated P_c value of 306 ml H₂/g carbohydrate. The optimum conditions for maximum hydrogen production rate (R_max) were pH 6.52, 41 °C and 60 g COD/l; with an estimated R_max value of 914 ml H₂/h. An overlay study was performed to obtain an overall model optimization. The optimized conditions for the overall model were pH 6.05, 36 °C and 94 g COD/l. The hydrogen content in the biogas produced ranged from 60% to 75%.     

Social media usage and organizational performance: Reflections of Malaysian social media managers

Social media usage among organizations is growing tremendously. Organizations are now building and maintaining social media public pages to improve their social network salience, enhance interest in their organizations, and build relationships with the online public. The majority of the studies on social media usage are based on the individual perspective while some are from the organizational perspective. However, not many studies have investigated the actual impact of social media usage on organizational performance. Therefore, using the qualitative approach, this study investigates the various purposes of social media usage and its impact on organizational performance. This study however, focuses only on the social media managers’ views. The senior managers of six organizations that are using social media are interviewed from which we find that social media is used for various purposes in organizations, such as advertising and promotion, branding, information search, building customer relations and many more. The results also show that social media has a greater impact on the performance of organizations in terms of enhancement in customer relations and customer service activities, improvement in information accessibility and cost reduction in terms of marketing and customer service.