Multiple-relaxation-time lattice Boltzmann models in three dimensions

This article provides a concise exposition of the multiple-relaxation-time lattice Boltzmann equation, with examples of 15-velocity and 19-velocity models in three dimensions. Simulation of a diagonally lid-driven cavity flow in three dimensions at Re = 500 and 2000 is performed. The results clearly demonstrate the superior numerical stability of the multiple-relaxation-time lattice Boltzmann equation over the popular lattice Bhatnagar-Gross-Krook equation.     

Structure and Wear Resistance of Coatings on Titanium Alloy and Steels Obtained by Electrospark Alloying with AlN ― ZrB2 Material

We have studied the process of electrospark alloying of titanium alloy VT6 and steels with a composite material based on AlN ZrB₂ with ZrSi₂ additive. We have established that Al₂SiO₅ and ZrSiO₄ forming in the coating directly during its formation play the role of a solid lubricant. Under optimal conditions for electrospark alloying of the titanium alloy, the coefficient of friction is 0.13, the wear is 6 m/km for a sliding velocity of 14 m/sec and a load of 2.56 MPa. Ceramics based on AlN ZrB₂ can be recommended for use as wear-resistant and corrosion-resistant coatings.     

Diffusion and concentration of molecular probes in thermoresponsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) hydrogels: effect of the volume phase transition

Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide), NIPA, thermoresponsive hydrogels with well-defined concentrations of an electroactive probe, 1,1'-ferrocenedimethanol, Fc(MeOH)2, were prepared. The discontinuous reversible volume phase transition of such gels occurs at 32 +/- 1 degrees C and results in a release of approximately 93% of the solution from the polymeric network. Transport of Fc(MeOH)2 in both swollen and collapsed gels was studied using steady-state voltammetry and chronoamperometry at platinum microelectrodes. The diffusion coefficient of Fc(MeOH)2 in collapsed gels was approximately 2 orders of magnitude smaller than that in swollen gels. UV/vis spectroscopic studies showed that for 3.0% NIPA gel, the concentration of Fc(MeOH)2 in the collapsed phase was approximately 6 times higher than that in released solution and 4.5 times higher than in the original swollen gel.     

Using interval arithmetic for robust state feedback design

A problem of a modal P-regulator synthesis for a linear multivariable dynamical system with uncertain (interval) parameters in state space is considered. The designed regulator has to place all coefficients of the system characteristic polynomial within assigned intervals. We have developed the approach proposed earlier in Dugarova and Smagina (Avtomat. i Telemech. 11 (1990) 176) and proved a direct correlation between interval system controllability and existence of robust modal P-regulator.     

Novel initiating system based on AlCl3 etherate for quasiliving cationic polymerization of styrene

Summary Quasiliving cationic polymerization of styrene was obtained in the system 2-phenyl-2-propano-/AlCl₃·OBu₂/Bu₂O in a mixture of 1,2-dichloroethane and n-hexane (55:45 viv) at -15 °C. The molecular weights of the polymers (M_n) increased in direct proportion to the monomer conversion. However, the experimental M_ns are essentially higher than theoretical ones, indicating that slow initiation relative to propagation takes place. The molecular weight distributions were broad (M_w/M_n2.5), probably due to the slow initiation and slow exchange between reversibly terminated and propagating species.     

Molecular weight characteristics of humic substances from different environments as determined by size exclusion chromatography and their statistical evaluation

Recorded molecular weights (MWs) for humic substances (HS) range from a few hundred to millions of daltons. For purposes of defining HS as a specific class of chemical compounds, it is of particular importance to ascertain if this broad range of MWs can be attributed to actual variability in molecular properties or is simply an artifact of the analytical techniques used to characterize HS. The main objectives of this study were (1)to establish if a preferential range of MWs exists for HS and (2) to determine any consistent MW properties of HS. To reach the goal, we have undertaken an approach to measure under standardized conditions the MW characteristics of a large set of HS from different natural environments. Seventy-seven humic materials were isolated from freshwater, soil, peat, and coal, such that each possessed a different fractional composition: humic acid (HA), fulvic acid (FA), and a nonfractionated mixture of HA and FA (HF). Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) was used as the analytical technique to determine molecular weight characteristics. The MW distributions were characterized by number (Mn) and weight (Mw) average MW, and by polydispersity. The complete range of Mw values varied within 4.7-30.4 kDa. The maximum Mw values were observed for peat HF and soil HA, whereas the smallest weights were measured for river water HF. Maximum values of polydispersity (3.5-4.4) were seen for peat HF and soil HA, while much lower values (1.6-3.1) were found for all preparations isolated with XAD-resins. Statistical evaluation showed consistent Mw and Mn variations with the HS source, while polydispersity was mostly a function of the isolation procedure used. A conclusion was made that HS have a preferential range of MW values that could characterize them as a specific class of chemical compounds.     

Formation of a Corrosion-Resistant Layer on Steel by Reaction with a Si3N 4 ― Al2O3 Composite under the Conditions of Light-Thermal Treatment

The formation of a surface layer on low-alloyed steel during light-thermal treatment with a composite material based on Si₃N₄ Al₂O₃ was investigated. The working surfaces were studied using metallographic, x-ray diffraction, and electron-probe microanalysis. It was found that the corrosion-resistant phases Al₂SiO₅, (Fe, Cr)₂O₃, (Cr, Al) ₂O₃, and NiCrO₄ formed in the alloyed layer, increasing its microhardness by 2-5 times and its corrosion resistance in sea water by more than two orders of magnitude.     

Integrating resource criticality assessment into evaluation of cleaner production possibilities for increasing resource efficiency

A stable and secure source of raw materials is the key to any successful industrial activity. Resource criticality is often discussed in the context of the impact on the economies of certain geographic regions. However, the availability of required resources first of all concerns the competitiveness of industrial companies, especially in those countries which do not possess abundant natural resources. The Lithuanian economy relies heavily on imports since the country does not have abundant natural resources. The paper introduces resource criticality as an additional dimension for evaluating and prioritizing resource efficiency improvement options. Evaluation of resource criticality was integrated into the methodology for evaluation of Cleaner Production. Simple additive weighting (SAW) was used to solve the multi-criteria decision-making problem. The previous study on the natural resources that are imported to Lithuania revealed that metals are among the most important raw materials in terms of economic importance, supply, and environmental risks. Therefore, a typical metal processing company in Lithuania was selected for the detailed investigation of technological processes and Cleaner Production possibilities. The selected company processes about 3000 tons of various metals per year. The results of Process Material Flow Analysis show that most of the metal waste is generated during the metal plate cutting process (about 30.3 % of total metal consumption). Three resource efficiency improvement alternatives were evaluated and compared. The suggested decision support system was tested in order to decide on a definitive solution. The results reveal that evaluation of resource criticality in terms of geostrategic supply risk and economic importance can be used as an advantageous criterion to support the prioritization of Cleaner Production alternatives.