Konstitutionsbedingte Anwendungsgrenzen für hochwarmfeste Nickel-Chrom- und Kobalt-Nickel-Chrom-Legierungen

Härteanlaßreihen bei 850 und 900 °C bis zu 2000 h. Begrenzung des warmfesten Temperaturbereiches durch kurzzeitige Warmstauchversuche sichtbar gemacht. Verhalten von geschmiedeten (Kobalt)-Nickel-Chrom-Legierungen, Gußwerkstoffen und gesinterten Proben. Temperaturordnung des Warmstauchverhaltens der Werkstoffe von Stahl über Nickel-Chrom-Werkstoffe bis zu Carbiden.     

Das Verhalten der in Stählen ausgeschiedenen Sulfide gegenüber Wasserstoff bei höheren Temperaturen

Bestimmung von FeS und (Mn, Fe)S in unlegierten Stählen nach dem bereits früher beschriebenen Wasserstoffreduktionsverfahren durch Glühen der elektrochemisch freigelegten Sulfide im Wasserstoffstrom bei 750°C und konduktometrische Messung des gebildeten Schwefelwasserstoffs. Chemische Bestimmung von Kupfersulfid im Isolat kupferhaltiger Stähle. Reaktion von Titan-, Chrom- und Zirkonsulfid sowie von Zirkon-Carbosulfid mit Wasserstoff bei verschiedenen Temperaturen. Getrennte Bestimmung von Mangansulfid und einer weiteren Sulfidphase in kohlenstofffreien Eisenlegierungen und in legierten Stählen.     

Extraction with supercritical fluids: A progress report from Germany

This review of research in Germany on the use of supercritical fluids for extraction and fractionation covers work on vegetable fats and oils butter fat, and other Lipids. The future comnercialization may depend on the cost of alternative procedures and the cost of equipment for lorge-seale processes involving supercritical fluids.     

Untersuchungen an Wurstbr?tproben zur Bildung von Nε-Carboxymethyllysin

Zusammenfassung Es wurden Modellversuche zur Bildung von N-Carboxymethyllysin (CML) an erhitzten Wurstbrätproben mit unterschiedlichen Zusätzen durchgeführt. In der Reaktion des Lysins mit Ascorbat wird offensichtlich mehr CML gebildet als in der Reaktion des Lysins mit Glucose. Ein Zusatz von Ascorbat in handelsüblicher Konzentration erhöhte den CML-Gehalt im Wurstbrät auf 35 mg, der von Glucose in sogar höherer Konzentration dagegen nur auf 23 mg, gegenüber 17 mg CML/kg Rohprotein in der Kontrollprobe. Ein Zusatz von Diphosphat in handelsüblicher Konzentration neben Glucose bewirkte eine signifikante Steigerung der CML-Gehalte von 23 mg auf 30 mg CML/kg Rohprotein. Die gesetzlich zugelassene Höchstmenge an Nitrit übte dagegen keinen Einfluß auf die CML-Bildung aus (21 mg CML/kg Rohprotein). Die Absolutwerte sind generell gering, verglichen mit CML-Gehalten in anderen Lebensmitteln wie Milchprodukten.

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Model experiments with sausage meat on the formation of N-carboxymethyllysine

In model experiments the influence of ingredients normally used for sausage production to a meat homogenate on the formation of N-carboxymethyllysine (CML) was investigated. The formation of CML is obviously more promoted from the reaction of ascorbate with lysine than from that of glucose with lysine. The addition of ascorbate in a practical concentration yielded 35 mg, the addition of glucose only 23 mg compared to 17 mg CML/kg protein in the control sample. The addition of diphosphate in a practical concentration besides glucose significantly increased the CML values from 23 mg to 30 mg CML/kg protein. On the other hand, nitrite did not enhance the formation of CML (21 mg/kg protein) in the sausage when used in concentrations usually applied in meat processing. Generally the values found in the meat products are quite low compared to data in other foods like milk products.

     

Vibrations of an infinitely long flowing liquid jet—Influence of spin and axial flow

For an infinitely long liquid column the influence of axial flow velocity and spin has been investigated. The results are exhibited for axisymmetric mode m=0 and asymmetric modes m=1 and 2. A frictionless liquid shows with the increase of axial flow an increase of the frequency in flow direction and a decrease of the oscillation frequency in the opposite flow direction for axisymmetric motion. It also means that a larger surface tension, larger diameter or larger density of the liquid column exhibit the same behavior. For asymmetric motions the effect of axial velocity w₀ is the opposite. With increasing axial wave length the natural frequencies decrease. At certain axial speed magnitudes both waves move in flow direction with different magnitude. The effect of increasing spin is a decrease of natural frequencies and an instability for smaller axial wave lengths. Viscous effects show usually smaller oscillation frequencies.     

Datenschutzrechtliche Herausforderungen annehmen!

Aus Den Datenschutzbeh?rden81. Konferenz der Datenschutzbeauftragten des Bundes und der L?nder, 16./17. M?rz 2011

Datenschutzrechtliche Herausforderungen annehmen!     

Matthias Pocs Tagung „Datenschutz in Europa“ am 5.–6. Mai 2011 in Stuttgart

DuD ReportVeranstaltungsbesprechung

Matthias Pocs Tagung „Datenschutz in Europa“ am 5.–6. Mai 2011 in Stuttgart     

Comparison between a multi-scattering and multi-layer snow scattering model and its parameterized snow backscattering model

Snow Water Equivalent (SWE) is a crucial parameter in the study of climatology and hydrology. Active microwave remote sensing is one of the most promising techniques for estimating the distribution of SWE at high spatial resolutions in large areas. Development of reliable and accurate inversion techniques to recover SWE is one of the most important tasks in current microwave researches. However, a number of snow pack properties, including snow density, particle size, crystal shape, stratification, ground surface roughness and soil moisture, affect the microwave scattering signals and need to be properly modeled and exploited. In this paper, we developed a multi-layer, multi-scattering model for dry snow based on recent theoretical advances in snow and surface modeling. In the proposed multi-layer model, Matrix Doubling method is used to account for scattering from each snow layer; and Advanced Integral Equation Model (AIEM) is incorporated into the model to describe surface scattering. Comparisons were made between the model predictions and field observations from NASA Cold Land Processes Field Experiment (CLPX) during Third Intensive Observation Period (IOP3) and SARALPS-2007 field experiment supported by ESA. The results indicated that model predictions were in good agreement with field observations. With the confirmed confidence, the analyses on multiple scattering, scatterer shape, and snow stratification effects were further made based on the model simulations. Furthermore, a parameterized snow backscattering model with a simple form and high computational efficiency was developed using a database generated by the multiple-scattering model. For a wide range of snow and soil properties, this parameterized model agrees well with the multiple-scattering model, with the root mean square error 0.20 dB, 0.24 dB and 0.43 dB for VV, HH and VH polarizations, respectively. This simplified model can be useful for the development of SWE retrieval algorithm and for fast simulations of radar signals over snow cover in land data assimilation systems.     

Issues of organizational cybernetics and viability beyond Beer’s viable systems model

The paper starts summarizing the claims of Beer’s viable systems model to identify five issues any viable organizations has to deal with in an unequivocal hierarchical structure of five interrelated systems. Then the evidence is introduced for additional issues and related viable structures of organizations, which deviate from Beer’s model. These issues are: (1) the establishment and (2) evolution of an organization; (3) systems for independent top-down control (like “Six Sigma”); (4) systems for independent bottom-up correction of performance problems (like “Kaizen”), both working outside a hierarchical structure; (5) pull production systems (“Just in Time”) and (6) systems for checks and balances of top-level power (like boards and shareholder meetings). Based on that an evolutionary approach to organizational cybernetics is outlined, addressing the establishment of organizations and possible courses of developments, including recent developments in quality and production engineering, as well as problems of setting and changing goal values determining organizational policies.