The role of enzymes in modern detergency

Enzymes have effectively assisted the development and improvement of modern household and industrial detergents. The major classes of detergent enzymes—proteases, lipases, amylases, and cellulases—each provide specific benefits for application in laundry and automatic dishwashing. Historically, proteases were first to be used extensively in laundry detergents. In addition to raising the level of cleaning, they have also provided environmental benefits by reducing energy consumption through shorter washing times, lower washing temperatures, and reduced water consumption. Today proteases are joined by lipases and amylases in improving detergent efficacy especially for household laundering at lower temperatures and, in industrial cleaning operations, at lower pH levels. Cellulases contribute to overall fabric care by rejuvenating or maintaining the new appearance of washed garments. Enzymes are produced by fermentation technologies that utilize renewable resources.     

Molecular alterations in early gastric carcinomas. No apparent correlation with Helicobacter pylori status

The effect of nitric oxide (NO) donors on high-voltage-activated Ca2+ channels in insulin-secreting RINm5F cells was investigated using the patch-clamp technique in the whole-cell configuration. Sodium nitroprusside (SNP, 2-400 microM) induced a dose-dependent reduction in Ba2+ currents with maximal inhibition of 58%. The IC50 for SNP was 45 microM. A different NO donor, (+/-)S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP, 500 microM), also produced a 50% decrease in current amplitude. When 200 microM SNP was administered together with the NO scavenger 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidozoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide (carboxy-PTIO, 300 microM), the Ba2+ current inhibition was lowered to 7%. Administration of 500 microM 8-bromoguanosine 3':5'-cyclic monophosphate sodium salt (8-Br-cGMP) mimicked the effects of SNP, causing a comparable decrease (56%) in peak-current amplitude. When soluble guanylyl cyclase was blocked by 10 microM 1H-[1,2, 4]oxadiazole[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ), the inhibitory effect of 200 microM SNP was reduced from 39% to 15%. The SNP-induced current decrease was 36% of controls after the blockade of L-type Ca2+ channels and 30% in the presence of 2.5 microM omega-conotoxin-MVIIC. These data indicate that NO inhibits both L-type and P/Q-type Ca2+ channels in RINm5F cells, probably by an increase in the intracellular levels of cGMP. NO may then significantly influence the Ca2+-dependent release of hormones from secretory cells as well as that of neurotransmitters from nerve terminals.     

Heterogeneous Enantioselective Hydrogenation of Activated Ketones Catalyzed by Modified Pt‐Catalysts: A Systematic Structure‐Selectivity Study

A systematic structure‐selectivity study was carried out for the enantioselective hydrogenation of activated ketones with chirally modified Pt/Al₂O₃ catalysts. For this, 18 modifiers containing an extended aromatic system able to form a strong adsorption complex with the Pt surface, and a suitable chiral group with an amino function capable to interact with the keto group of the substrate ( HCd, Qd, HCn, Qn , and semi‐synthetic derivatives, as well as synthetic analogues) were prepared and tested on 8 different activated ketones in AcOH and toluene under standard conditions. It was found that relatively small structural changes of the substrate and/or modifier structures strongly affected the enantioselectivity, and that no “best” modifier exists for all substrates. The highest ees for all substrates were obtained with quinuclidine‐derived modifiers in combination with naphthalene or quinoline rings, either in AcOH (substrates 1 – 5 and 8 , all carrying an sp³ carbon next to the keto group) or toluene ( 6 and 7 , with an sp² carbon next to the ketone). The presence and nature of the substituent R' at the quinuclidine significantly affected the ee (positive and negative effects). Certain combinations of an aromatic system and an amino function were preferred: For the quinuclidine moiety, quinoline and to a somewhat lesser extent naphthalene were a better match, while for the pyrrolidinylmethyl group anthracene was better suited. Methylation of the OH group often had a positive effect for hydrogenations in AcOH but not in toluene. With the exception of 8 , higher ees were obtained for the Cd / Qn series [leading to (R)‐products] than for the Cn / Qd series [leading to (S)‐products]. In several cases, opposite structure‐selectivity trends were detected when comparing reactions in toluene and AcOH, indicating a significant influence of the solvent.     

Empfehlungen des Arbeitskreises 6.1 “Geotechnik der Deponiebauwerke” der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Geotechnik e. V.

Recommendations of the DGGT Committee “Geotechnics of Landfill Structures”. The Committee “Geotechnics of Landfill Structures”, formerly “Geotechnics of Landfills and Contaminated Land”, published up to now 75 recommendations. The series is continued by the revised recommendations E2‐1 “Principles of geotechnical design for landfills” and E1‐3 “Site investigation with geophysical methods”, as well as by a draft version of a new recommendation E5‐10 “Tasks and required qualification of an independent inspector for mineral components in lining systems”. Other subjects and revised recommendations are reported.     

Anforderungen an Umkehrdächer mit Trennlage: Erläuterungen zur Anwendung von EN ISO 6946

Requirements for inverted roofs with separating layer – notes on the application of EN ISO 6946. This paper explains the application of the EN ISO 6946 standard for different regions in Europe in terms of heat losses through inverted roofs. For determining the heat transfer coefficient of inverted roofs, the October 2003 version of this standard takes into account additional heat loss due to precipitation. This enables additional roof heat losses originating from the flow of warmed precipitation below the thermal insulation to be calculated. The heat loss depends on the quantity of precipitation and on the proportion of water that drains directly between the roof sealing layer and the thermal insulation. The paper explains the application of the standard for different regions in Europe. Supplementary climatic data and boundary conditions for different regions are provided. In addition, the requirements for the separating layer in inverted roofs with separating layer are described. Using the technique described, heat losses due to precipitation can be reduced to such an extent that they are negligible for the purpose of the calculation.     

Rißbreitennachweis für Kreisquerschnitte

Verification of Crack Limitation for Circular Cross Section The verification of the crack limitation for circular cross sections such as bored piles is often neglected. In some cases for instance for predominantly bending members the crack limitation is the fundamental proof. Thus all necessary principals for the crack limitation of circular cross sections were provided. The analytical approaches are proved by experiments. There is a good conformance between the theoretical approach provided and the tests.     

ICRU 95号报告:外照射实用量及其对剂量学的影响（英文）

国际放射防护委员会(ICRP)提出了“防护量”这一概念。最常用的防护量,即有效剂量E,用于设定照射限值,并在实用辐射防护中使用,以实现最优化原则。然而,有效剂量不是一个可测量的量,基于此国际辐射单位与测量委员会(ICRU)为外照射的剂量测定提出了一个可测量的量,即实用量,用于估计有效剂量。目前使用的实用量定义于20世纪80年代,当时核工业是职业辐射防护的主要关注点。当前,在其他辐射领域,特别是高能辐射,实用量的不足之处变得很明显：可能高估或低估有效剂量。因此,ICRU和ICRP在全面研究的基础上,为外照射的剂量测定提出了新的实用量,以克服上述缺点。实用量的新定义与防护量(包括有效剂量)的定义更具相关性,特别是使用了相同的仿真体模。当前提出的实用量通过缩小防护量与实用量之间的定义差异简化了辐射防护量体系,并从整体上改进了对有效剂量的估计。本文讨论了提出的新实用量对实际剂量测定的影响。