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51.
CT Wass JR Waggoner DG Cable HV Schaff DR Schroeder WL Lanier 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1998,115(6):1350-1357
BACKGROUND: Neurologic complications, primarily resulting from ischemic insults, represent the leading cause of morbidity and disability, and the second most common source of death, after cardiac operations. Previous studies have reported that increases (as occur during the rewarming phase of cardiopulmonary bypass [CPB]) or decreases in brain temperature of a mere 0.5 degrees to 2 degrees C can significantly worsen or improve, respectively, postischemic neurologic outcome. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate a novel approach of selectively cooling the brain during hypothermic CPB and subsequent rewarming. METHODS: Sixteen dogs were anesthetized with either intravenous pentobarbital or inhaled halothane (n = 8 per group). Normocapnia (alpha stat technique) and a blood pressure near 75 mm Hg were maintained. Temperatures were monitored by placing thermistors in the esophagus (i.e., core), parietal epidural space, and brain parenchyma at depths of 1 and 2 cm beneath the dura. During CPB, core temperature was actively cycled from 38 degrees C to 28 degrees C, and then returned to 38 degrees C. Forced air pericranial cooling (air temperature of approximately 13 degrees C) was initiated simultaneous with the onset of CPB, and maintained throughout the bypass period. Brain-to-core temperature gradients were calculated by subtracting the core temperature from regional brain temperatures. RESULTS: In halothane-anesthetized dogs, brain temperatures at all monitoring sites were significantly less than core during all phases of CPB, with one exception (2 cm during systemic cooling). Brain cooling was most prominent during and after systemic rewarming. For example, during systemic rewarming, average temperatures in the parietal epidural space, and 1 and 2 cm beneath the dura, were 3.3 degrees +/- 1.3 degrees C (mean +/- standard deviation), 3.2+/-1.4 degrees C, and 1.6 degrees +/-1.0 degrees C, cooler than the core, respectively. Similar trends, but of a greater magnitude, were noted in pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs. For example, during systemic rewarming, corresponding brain temperatures were 6.5 degrees +/-1.7 degrees C, 6.3 degrees +/-1.6 degrees C, and 4.2+/-1.3 degrees C cooler than the core, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The magnitude of selective brain cooling observed in both study groups typically exceeded the 0.5 degrees to 2.0 degrees C change previously reported to modulate ischemic injury, and was most prominent during the latter phases of CPB. When compared with previous research from our laboratory, application of cold forced air to the cranial surface resulted in brain temperatures that were cooler than those observed during hypothermic CPB without pericranial cooling. On the basis of the assumption that similar beneficial brain temperature changes can be induced in humans, we speculate that selective convective brain cooling may enable clinicians to improve neurologic outcome after hypothermic CPB. 相似文献
52.
Casein kinase I alpha and alpha L: alternative splicing-generated kinases exhibit different catalytic properties 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Casein kinase I (CKI) is a family of serine/threonine protein kinases found in all eukaryotes examined to date. Here, the rat CKI isoforms alpha and alpha L were cloned and expressed in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic systems. Characterization of the genomic DNA flanking the exon unique to CKI alpha L demonstrated that CKI alpha and CKI alpha L arise by the alternative splicing of a common pre-mRNA molecule. To the best of our knowledge, the alpha L isoform is the only known active serine/threonine kinase to contain an insert within its catalytic domain. Tissue distribution of each splicing isoform was examined by RT-PCR, immunoprecipitation, and Western blotting. Both isoforms were expressed in all tissues tested but at different levels. Bacterially expressed CKI alpha isoforms were active and therefore biochemically characterized. CKI alpha and CKI alpha L proteins were demonstrated to have casein kinase I catalytic properties. More importantly, the recombinant isoform proteins exhibited differences in binding and activity toward common CKI substrates. These observations demonstrate that the alpha L insert within the kinase domain modulates substrate kinetics. These kinetic differences suggest that CKI alpha and CKI alpha L may perform different biological roles. 相似文献
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Friedhelm Meyer auf der Heide 《Theoretical computer science》1981,13(3):315-322
The number of pebbles used in the black [black-white] pebble game corresponds to the storage requirement of the deterministic [non-deterministic] evaluation of a straight line program. Suppose a distinguished vertex of a directed acyclic graph can be pebbled with k pebbles in the black-white pebble game. Then it can be pebbled with k′≤1/2k(k?1)+1 pebbles in the black pebble game. 相似文献
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Grid-Computing, ein Mitte der 90er-Jahre eingeführter Begriff [1,2], bezeichnet eine Architektur für verteilte Systeme, die auf dem World Wide Web aufbaut und die Web-Vision erweitert. Mit dem Grid-Computing werden die Ressourcen einer Gemeinschaft, einer so genannten virtuellen Organisation, integriert. Die Hoffnung ist, dass hierdurch rechen- und/oder datenintensiven Aufgaben, die eine einzelne Organisation nicht lösen kann, handhabbar werden. Ein Grid bezeichnet eine nach dem Grid-Computing-Ansatz aufgebaute Rechner-, Netzwerk- und Software-Infrastruktur zur Teilung von Ressourcen mit dem Ziel, die Aufgaben einer virtuellen Organisation zu erledigen. 相似文献
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59.
Christophe Serra Guy Schlatter Nicolas Sary Friedhelm Schönfeld Georges Hadziioannou 《Microfluidics and nanofluidics》2007,3(4):451-461
This paper investigates the modeling of styrene free radical polymerization in two different types of microreactor. A multiphysics
model which simultaneously takes into account the hydrodynamics, thermal and mass transfer (convection, diffusion and chemical
reaction) is proposed. The set of partial differential equations resulting from the model is solved with the help of the finite
elements method either in a 2D or a 3D approach. The different modeled microreactors are on one hand an interdigital multilamination
microreactor with a large focusing section, and on the other hand a simple T-junction followed by a straight tube with three
different radii. The results are expressed in terms of reactor temperature, polydispersity index, number-average degree of
polymerization and monomer conversion for different values of the chemical species diffusion coefficient. It was found that
the 2D approach gives the same results as the 3D approach but allows to dramatically reduce the computing time. Despite the
heat released by the polymerization reaction, it was found that the thermal transfer in such microfluidic devices is high
enough to ensure isothermal conditions. Concerning the polydispersity index, the range of diffusion coefficients over which
the polydispersity index can be maintained close to the theoretical value for ideal conditions increases as the tube reactor
radius decreases. The interdigital multilamination microreactor was found to act as a tubular reactor of 0.78 mm ID but with
a shorter length. This underlines that the use of microfluidic devices can lead to a better control of polymerization reactions. 相似文献
60.
Trajectory-based change detection for automated characterization of forest disturbance dynamics 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
Robert E. Kennedy Warren B. Cohen Todd A. Schroeder 《Remote sensing of environment》2007,110(3):370-386
Satellite sensors are well suited to monitoring changes on the Earth's surface through provision of consistent and repeatable measurements at a spatial scale appropriate for many processes causing change on the land surface. Here, we describe and test a new conceptual approach to change detection of forests using a dense temporal stack of Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) imagery. The central premise of the method is the recognition that many phenomena associated with changes in land cover have distinctive temporal progressions both before and after the change event, and that these lead to characteristic temporal signatures in spectral space. Rather than search for single change events between two dates of imagery, we instead search for these idealized signatures in the entire temporal trajectory of spectral values. This trajectory-based change detection is automated, requires no screening of non-forest area, and requires no metric-specific threshold development. Moreover, the method simultaneously provides estimates of discontinuous phenomena (disturbance date and intensity) as well as continuous phenomena (post-disturbance regeneration). We applied the method to a stack of 18 Landsat TM images for the 20-year period from 1984 to 2004. When compared with direct interpreter delineation of disturbance events, the automated method accurately labeled year of disturbance with 90% overall accuracy in clear-cuts and with 77% accuracy in partial-cuts (thinnings). The primary source of error in the method was misregistration of images in the stack, suggesting that higher accuracies are possible with better registration. 相似文献