Jet loop reactors are used as apparatus to facilitate chemical or biological reactions. This type of apparatus is characterized by an internal circulation flow, essentially driven by the injection of liquid. The nozzle can also be used to inject and disperse gas. The internal fluid dynamics and thus the reactor behavior is significantly determined by the introduced momentum and by the internal gas distribution. To describe the mutual influence of a gas-consuming reaction and the internal fluid dynamics, a simplified model based on a momentum balance and a material balance was used. From the exemplary calculations, a critical range for non-selective reactions and for fluid dynamic stability is given. 相似文献
Journal of Chemical Ecology - The obligate pollination mutualism between Yucca and yucca moths is a classical example of coevolution. Oviposition and active pollination by female yucca moths occur... 相似文献
Image post-processing corrects for cardiac and respiratory motion (MoCo) during cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) stress perfusion. The study analyzed its influence on visual image evaluation.
Materials and methods
Sixty-two patients with (suspected) coronary artery disease underwent a standard CMR stress perfusion exam during free-breathing. Image post-processing was performed without (non-MoCo) and with MoCo (image intensity normalization; motion extraction with iterative non-rigid registration; motion warping with the combined displacement field). Images were evaluated regarding the perfusion pattern (perfusion deficit, dark rim artifact, uncertain signal loss, and normal perfusion), the general image quality (non-diagnostic, imperfect, good, and excellent), and the reader’s subjective confidence to assess the images (not confident, confident, very confident).
Results
Fifty-three (non-MoCo) and 52 (MoCo) myocardial segments were rated as ‘perfusion deficit’, 113 vs. 109 as ‘dark rim artifacts’, 9 vs. 7 as ‘uncertain signal loss’, and 817 vs. 824 as ‘normal’. Agreement between non-MoCo and MoCo was high with no diagnostic difference per-patient. The image quality of MoCo was rated more often as ‘good’ or ‘excellent’ (92 vs. 63%), and the diagnostic confidence more often as “very confident” (71 vs. 45%) compared to non-MoCo.
Conclusions
The comparison of perfusion images acquired during free-breathing and post-processed with and without motion correction demonstrated that both methods led to a consistent evaluation of the perfusion pattern, while the image quality and the reader’s subjective confidence to assess the images were rated more favorably for MoCo.
Abstract This article examines a unique professional development initiative in mathematics teaching that focuses on the design and field testing of pedagogical resources for primary teachers. We examine a particular aspect of the project—namely, helping teachers move from a model centred on explanation and repetitive exercises to an approach centred on listening and responding to students' thinking. In particular, the initiative emphasizes the important role played by students’ reasoning in the construction of their own computational algorithms. This analysis provides evidence that professional development that aims to deepen understanding of students’ mathematical thinking, that provides resources to support the implementation of new teaching strategies, and that strives to establish a collaborative environment enables educators to gain confidence and to develop expertise in their interactions with students in the context of problem solving. 相似文献
Abstract Authentic assessment techniques in mathematics raise issues that merit the attention of practitioners, educators, and researchers. Teacher training in assessment, the reliability and validity of authentic assessment, the variety of methods employed in such assessment, and the ways assessment is employed are all concerns that emerge as new assessment techniques other than the expected paper‐and‐pencil tests are implemented. At the secondary school level, new assessment techniques are emerging in mathematics classrooms and little is known about these experiences. This article specifically addresses the issues associated with authentic assessment by describing and exploring mathematics teachers’ experiences as they implement these assessment techniques in their secondary school mathematics program. It summarizes the findings of a qualitative study of five secondary school mathematics teachers in Ontario, Canada, and offers suggestions as to how to support teachers through such a change project. How teachers use authentic assessment, the problems they encounter, and the theoretical and practical issues that emerge are all questions that require exploration and understanding. 相似文献
The Grover search algorithm is one of the two key algorithms in the field of quantum computing, and hence it is desirable to represent it in the simplest and most intuitive formalism possible. We show firstly, that Clifford’s geometric algebra, provides a significantly simpler representation than the conventional bra-ket notation, and secondly, that the basis defined by the states of maximum and minimum weight in the Grover search space, allows a simple visualization of the Grover search analogous to the precession of a spin-${\frac{1}{2}}$ particle. Using this formalism we efficiently solve the exact search problem, as well as easily representing more general search situations. We do not claim the development of an improved algorithm, but show in a tutorial paper that geometric algebra provides extremely compact and elegant expressions with improved clarity for the Grover search algorithm. Being a key algorithm in quantum computing and one of the most studied, it forms an ideal basis for a tutorial on how to elucidate quantum operations in terms of geometric algebra—this is then of interest in extending the applicability of geometric algebra to more complicated problems in fields of quantum computing, quantum decision theory, and quantum information. 相似文献