A Simple Route to Produce Highly Efficient Porous Carbons Recycled from Tea Waste for High-Performance Symmetric Supercapacitor Electrodes

High-performance porous carbons derived from tea waste were prepared by hydrothermal treatment, combined together with KOH activation. The heat-treatment-processed materials possess an abundant hierarchical structure, with a large specific surface of 2235 m² g⁻¹ and wetting-complemental hydrophilicity for electrolytes. In a two-electrode system, the porous carbon electrodes’ built-in supercapacitor exhibited a high specific capacitance of 256 F g⁻¹ at 0.05 A g⁻¹, an excellent capacitance retention of 95.4% after 10,000 cycles, and a low leakage current of 0.014 mA. In our work, the collective results present that the precursor crafted from the tea waste can be a promising strategy to prepare valuable electrodes for high-performance supercapacitors, which offers a practical strategy to recycle biowastes into manufactured materials in energy storage applications.     

Control of Enzymatic Degradation of Microbial Polyesters by Plasma Modification

The rate of enzymatic degradation of surface‐modified microbial polyesters, poly[(R)‐3‐hydroxybutyrate] and poly[(R)‐3‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐3‐hydroxyvalerate], was studied. The plasma treatments were carried out in a CF₃H or O₂ environment. It was found that the CF₃H plasma‐treated polyesters exhibited significant retardation of enzymatic erosion because of the surface fluorocarbon groups induced by CF₃H plasma. These surface fluorocarbon groups act as retardants on enzymatic degradation due to increased hydrophobicity and of the inactivity of enzymes. However, the increased surface hydrophilicity of polyesters induced by O₂ plasma results in no significant acceleration of the enzymatic erosion, which may be due to the thin modified layer.

Weight loss profiles of P(3HB) film exposed to CF₃H plasma as a function of plasma exposure time.     

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering of nucleic acid components in silver sol: Uracil and its derivatives

The surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) of uracil, uridine, 2′-deoxyuridine and 5′-rUMP adsorbed on aqueous silver sol was investigated. Uracil was found to adsorb as the N-3 deprotonated form, which underwent a reorientation from the situation where the base was perpendicular to the surface to the situation where the base lay flat on the surface as the surface charge was made more negative. The N-3 deprotonated molecules of uridine, 2′-deoxyuridine and 5′-rUMP were found to lie flat on the silver surface regardless of the bulk concentration and the silver surface charge.     

Recognition hysteresis of the acetylcholine receptor of torpedo Californica

The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAcChR) of the electric organ of Torpedo californica fish exhibits a pronounced hysteresis loop in the high affinity binding of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (AcCh). When increasing amounts of AcCh are added (pulse mode) an extremely long-lived, metastable conformer distribution is obtained (lower hysteresis branch) between low affinity AcCh binding states (R_l) and high (R_h) and very high (R_vh) affinity states. Dialysis conditions always lead to the equilibrium binding curve (upper hysteresis branch; K̄_A = 5 × 10⁻⁹M, 4°C; one A bound to the R-monomer of M_r ≈ 290 000). Cyclic, pulse mode addition and dilution of AcCh results in scanning loops within the main hysteresis. The kinetic analysis of the changes in free and bound AcCh during the open-system conditions of dialysis, that releases the metastability, shows that the AcCh (A) binding proceeds along an induced-fit pathway according to A+R_h ⇋ AR_n ⇋ AR_vh. The rate constant of the step AR_h → AR_vh is k₂ = 6 × 10⁻³s⁻¹ and that of the reverse step is k₋₂ = 3 × 10⁻⁴s⁻¹. Direct binding of A to free R_vh can be excluded. Therefore, the state R_vh does not preexist, it is induced and only stable, as AR_vh, by bound AcCh. The metastability can be described in terms of long-lived AR_vh ·R₁ hybrid dimers. Physiologically, the metastable hybrid may be viewed as a saving device: the functionally important, channel-active R₁ conformer is, at low AcCh-concentrations [A] < 1μM, prevented to convert to the desensitized states R_h and AR_vh. Furtheron, AcCh enhances the phosphorylation of phosphatidyl inositol and the auto-phosphorylation of the receptor. If the AcCh binding hysteresis causes a phosphorylation hysteresis the desensitized nAcChR may serve as a memory molecule of the transsynaptic information signalling of the neurotransmission.     

Theoretical study on structure of boron nitride fullerenes

We propose the parameters of the Stillinger-Weber potential for hexagonal boron nitride (BN) structures. For the reliability of these parameters, the structural property of BN fullerenes is investigated. The stability of BN fullerenes increases with increasing the number of atoms, due to the reduction of the curvature effect of BN fullerenes. The structures of the relative stable fullerenes are B₁₆N₁₆, B₁₈N₁₈, B₂₂N₂₂, B₂₅N₂₅, and B₂₈N₂₈.     

Effects of co-substitution on the electrical properties of BiFeO3 thin films prepared by chemical solution deposition

Ferroelectric BiFeO₃ thin films with Nd-Cr (or Sm-Cr) co-substitution (denoted by BNdFCr and BSmFCr, respectively) were deposited on the Pt(2 0 0)/TiO₂/SiO₂/Si(1 0 0) substrates by a chemical solution deposition method. X-ray diffraction patterns revealed the formation of BNdFCr and BSmFCr thin films without any secondary phases. The co-substituted BNdFCr (or BSmFCr) thin films, which were annealed at 550 °C for 30 min in N₂ atmosphere, exhibited enhanced electrical properties compared to BFO thin films with the remanent polarization (2P_r) and coercive electric field (2E_c) of 196, 188 μC/cm² and 600, 570 kV/cm with the electric field of 800 kV/cm, respectively. The leakage current densities of BNdFCr and BSmFCr thin films measured at room temperature were approximately three orders of magnitude lower than that of BFO thin film, and the leakage current at room temperature of the thin films exhibited three distinctive conduction behaviors. Furthermore, the values of pulse polarizations [i.e., +(P*-P^{^}) or −(P*-P^{^})] of BNdFCr and BSmFCr thin films were reasonably unchanged up to 1.4 × 10¹⁰ switching cycles.     

Strong lateral electron coupling of pb nanowires on stepped si(111): angle-resolved photoemission studies

We employ angle-resolved photoemission to characterize the electronic band structure of the Pb "nanowire" array self-assembled on a stepped Si(111) surface. Despite the highly oriented nanowires observed in scanning tunneling microscopy images, we find essentially two-dimensional Fermi contours modulated one dimensionally perpendicular to the wires. This strong two-dimensional and quasi-one-dimensional nature of the band structure explains the stability and anisotropy of the metallic phase down to 4 K as reported recently. A simple tight-binding model with each Si nanoterrace covered by a densely packed Pb overlayer successfully reproduces this modulated band structure and quantifies the electron coupling within the "nanostripes" and the step-edge potential.     

Different ocular dominance map formation influenced by orientation preference columns in visual cortices

In animal experiments, the observed orientation preference and ocular dominance columns in the visual cortex of the brain show various pattern types. Here, we show that the different visual map formations in various species are due to the crossover behavior in anisotropic systems composed of orientational and scalar components such as easy-plane Heisenberg models. We predict the transition boundary between different pattern types with the anisotropy as a main bifurcation parameter, which is consistent with experimental observations.     

Zirconium-assisted reaction in low temperature atomic layer deposition using Bis(ethyl-methyl-amino)silane and water

The reaction of Bis(ethyl-methyl-amino)silane (BEMAS) and water in atomic layer deposition (ALD) became possible when Zr-containing species were adsorbed on the vacant sites of the surface after a pulse and purge of BEMAS. The growth rates of the Si(Zr)O_x films were 0.8-0.9 nm/cycle in the temperature range of 185-325 °C. This phenomenon probably originates from the highly reactive hydroxyl species generated by Zr atoms. From this point of view, transition metals make reactant gas molecules to be highly activated in the ALD processes of transition metal oxides and nitrides, which might be an important factor that determines the ALD characteristics.     

(<Emphasis Type="Italic">δ</Emphasis>,<Emphasis Type="Italic">δ</Emphasis>′)-continuity on generalized topological spaces

We introduce the notion of (δ,δ′)-continuous functions on generalized topological spaces and investigate characterizations for such functions. We study the relationship between (δ,δ′)-continuity and several types of continuity on generalized topological spaces.