生态储蓄、生态储备和生态补偿税是一场深刻环境革命

责任不清、心理准备不足、资金物质储备不足,派生出利益不协调、社会动员不顺、环境投入不足等,造成生态差的地方无力解决生态问题,生态好的地方突然出现许多生态问题.生态储蓄、生态储备和生态补偿税将使生态差的地方迅速培育解决生态问题的能力和条件,生态好的地方高度警惕潜在的生态问题.生态储蓄、生态储备和生态补偿税是人类思想史和文明史的重要转变,引发深刻的环境革命.     

Biosorption of clofibric acid and carbamazepine in aqueous solution by agricultural waste rice straw

Due to their widespread use, clofibric acid （CA） and carbamazepine （CBZ） have been frequently detected simultaneously at relatively high concentrations in aquatic environments. In this study, agricultural waste rice straw was employed as a potentially low-cost, effective and easy-to-operate biosorbent （RSB） to remove CA and CBZ. The adsorption of both pharmaceuticals followed pseudo second-order kinetics, and intraparticle diffusion was an important rate-limiting step. The adsorption isotherms of both drugs were fit well with Freundlich model. The adsorption of CA onto RSB was exothermic and was more likely to be dominated by physical processes, while the adsorption of CBZ was endothermic. Solution pH was determined to be the most important factor for CA adsorption, such that the adsorption capacity of CA onto RSB increased with the decline of solution pH. In the lower range of solution pH below 3. l, the CA removal efficiency was enhanced with the increase of biosorbent dosage. The CBZ removal efficiency was enhanced with the increase of RSB dosage without pH control. The maximum adsorption capacities were 126.3 mg/g for CA and 40.0 mg/g for CBZ.     

会议室装饰后空气中甲苯含量的变化

作者用活性炭吸附和高效液相色谱法,测定了某会议室装饰后空气中气态有机化合物的含量,发现甲苯含量高达30mg/m~3。跟踪监测的结果表明,45天后,浓度下降为0.8mg/m~3;90天后,恢复为0.10mg/m~3。甲苯浓度变化符合公式:C_t=C_0·E~(-nt)。     

Nb2O5 nanowires in-situ grown on carbon fiber: A high-efficiency material for the photocatalytic reduction of Cr(VI)

Niobium oxide nanowire-deposited carbon fiber (CF) samples were prepared using a hydrothermal method with amorphous Nb₂O₅·nH₂O as precursor. The physical properties of the samples were characterized by means of numerous techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), selected-area electron diffraction (SAED), UV–visible spectroscopy (UV–vis), N₂ adsorption–desorption, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The efficiency for the removal of Cr(VI) was determined. Parameters such as pH value and initial Cr(VI) concentration could influence the Cr(VI) removal efficiency or adsorption capacity of the Nb₂O₅/carbon fiber sample obtained after hydrothermal treatment at 160°C for 14 hr. The maximal Cr(VI) adsorption capacity of the Nb₂O₅ nanowire/CF sample was 115 mg/g. This Nb₂O₅/CF sample also showed excellent photocatalytic activity and stability for the reduction of Cr(VI) under UV-light irradiation: the Cr(VI) removal efficiency reached 99.9% after UV-light irradiation for 1 hr and there was no significant decrease in photocatalytic performance after the use of the sample for 10 repeated cycles. Such excellent Cr(VI) adsorption capacity and photocatalytic performance was related to its high surface area, abundant surface hydroxyl groups, and good UV-light absorption ability.     

Ecotoxicological effects of waterborne PFOS exposure on swimming performance and energy expenditure in juvenile goldfish (Carassius auratus)

The potential risks of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) are of increasing ecological concern. Swimming performance is linked to the fitness and health of fish. However, the impacts of PFOS on swimming performance remain largely unknown. We investigated the ecotoxicological effects of acute exposure to PFOS on the swimming performance and energy expenditure of juvenile goldfish (Carassius auratus). The fish were exposed to a range of PFOS concentrations (0, 0.5, 2, 8 and 32 mg/L) for 48 hr. The spontaneous swimming activity, fast-start swimming performance, critical swimming speed (Ucrit) and active metabolic rate (AMR) of the goldfish were examined after exposure to PFOS. PFOS exposure resulted in remarkable effects on spontaneous activity. Motion distance was reduced, and the proportion of motionless time increased with increasing concentrations of PFOS. However, no significant alterations in the fast-start performance-related kinematic parameters, such as latency time, maximum linear velocity, maximum linear acceleration or escape distance during the first 120 msec after stimulus, were observed after PFOS exposure. Unexpectedly, although PFOS exposure had marked influences on the swimming oxygen consumption rates and AMR of goldfish, the U crit of the goldfish was not significantly affected by PFOS. This may result in a noteworthy increase in the energetic cost of transport. The overall results indicate that, in contrast to spontaneous activity, underlying swimming capabilities are maintained in goldfish after short-term exposure to PFOS, but energy expenditure during the process of swimming is dramatically aggravated.     

危险废物鉴别监测现状、问题及建议研究

危险废物鉴别技术是危险废物监管中重要的技术支撑。现有的危险废物鉴别技术在危险废物监管中发挥了巨大的作用,但在实际鉴别工作中,还存在一些不足。对危险废物鉴别工作现状进行了具体阐述,同时指出了危险废物名录灵活性不够、危废鉴别标准项目待梳理、鉴别时间周期长、采样数大等存在的问题,并针对性提出解决问题的工作建议。     

太湖流域地区开展农村环境连片整治的探索

农村环境连片整治以解决区域性突出环境问题为目的,对地域空间上相对聚集在一起的多个村庄实施同步、集中整治是使环境问题得到有效解决的治理方式。本文阐述了农村环境问题的现状及开展农村环境保护的背景,从农村环境连片整治的特点出发,以常州武进区雪堰镇农村环境综合整治示范点成功开展整治工作为例,进行太湖流域地区开展农村环境连片整治的探索,并总结了在太湖流域地区成功开展农村环境连片整治的建议及农村环保工作的导向。     

微电解-H/O-生物接触氧化工艺处理染料废水

某染料厂采用微电解-H/O-生物接触氧化组合工艺处理染料废水。工程设计规模为高浓度有机废水30 m3/d、低浓度有机废水70 m3/d,运行结果表明,该工艺处理效果良好,出水ρ(COD)≤100 mg/L,ρ(苯胺)≤1 mg/L,色度≤50倍,ρ(氨氮)≤15 mg/L,pH为6～9,达GB 8978—1996《污水综合排放标准》一级标准。     

表面活性剂对受污染环境修复作用研究进展

综述了９０年代后国外利用表面活性剂对受有机物污染有地下水和土壤进行修复的最新研究进展，介绍了表面活性剂对憎水性有机物污染物增溶作用的规律，表面活性剂－增强修复技术的原理，以及表面活性剂存在时对污染物降解作用的影响。     

鄂尔多斯盆地上古生界天然气的运移与聚集

通过对上古生界烃源岩天然气排气史、天然气运移方向和沉积相带的展布等综合分析 ,可将上古生界天然气的运移聚集分为三叠纪—早白垩世和早白垩世后两个阶段。在三叠纪—早白垩世阶段 ,天然气运移方向主要是向北 ,而在早白垩世后阶段 ,天然气主要是就近运移聚集而成藏 ,这一阶段是鄂尔多斯盆地上古生界天然气重要的运移与聚集期 ,故上古生界煤成气藏的成藏期较晚。鄂尔多斯盆地北部和中部的靖边古三角洲是天然气聚集的有利地区 ,具有较好的天然气勘探前景