Loss of mucosal CD4 lymphocytes is an early feature of HIV infection.

T cell subsets in the gut mucosa are distinct populations and their imbalance in HIV has specific implications in infection. Alterations in T cell subsets in duodenal biopsies were investigated in 17 asymptomatic HIV patients, 24 AIDS patients and 10 controls with non-ulcer dyspepsia. Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence using MoAbs to CD3, CD4, CD8, CD68, CD45RA, CD45RO and gp120 were performed on frozen sections. In the lamina propria, there was a significant depletion of CD4+ cells at all stages of HIV, but the density of CD8 lamina propria cells was increased. Intraepithelial lymphocytes were decreased in AIDS patients. There was a significant correlation between cellular density and mucosal CD3+ lymphocytes, and between mucosal CD3+ and CD8+ lymphocytes. Although mucosal CD4,CD45RO+ 'memory' cells were decreased, CD8,CD45RO+ 'memory' cells were increased. Mucosal CD4+ lymphocyte depletion occurred early in HIV, and thus their role in mucosal protection against opportunistic infection should be revised. Mucosal CD8+ lymphocytes initially increased, but decreased when CD4 blood counts were depleted, perhaps contributing to loss of host protection against infection. Intraepithelial lymphocyte depletion may also contribute to opportunistic infection.     

Elimination of multiple reactions of the Phadebact Streptococcus coagglutination test.

Strong multiple reactions often occur with the Phadebact Streptococcus test when the culture contains blood. These reactions interfere with the identification of the Lancefield groups of streptococci. Group B streptococci from the vagina of pregnant women are difficult to identify by slide coagglutination because of the frequent presence of blood on culture swabs. Elimination of these multiple reactions caused by blood would permit rapid identification of group B streptococci in pregnant women. Vaginal broth cultures were examined to determine the cause of multiple reactions with slide coagglutination and to eliminate them from the testing procedure. Of 245 maternal broth cultures, 135 (55%) yielded multiple reactions when tested by coagglutination. Such reactions were either eliminated or greatly diminished by heating the broth sample to 90 degrees C for 10 min. It was also found that globulins in the serum may be responsible for multiple reactions with blood. This heating protocol will permit vaginal broth cultures to be rapidly tested for group B streptococci by slide coagglutination.     

The distribution of fetal nuchal translucency thickness in normal Korean fetuses

The aim of present study was to establish normative data for the distribution of nuchal translucency (NT) thickness in normal Korean fetuses. The data were collected from pregnant women with singleton pregnancies in whom fetal ultrasound was performed and the fetal NT thickness was measured between 11 and 14 weeks of gestation. Among them, a total of 2,577 fetuses with a known normal outcome were included in this study. The distribution of multiple of median (MoM) values of the NT thickness with crown-rump length (CRL) in 10-mm intervals and the 95th percentile of MoM were calculated with the linear regression method. The present study showed that NT measurements increase with increasing CRL and a false positive rate increases with increasing gestational age. Therefore, a fixed cut-off point through the first trimester was not appropriate and each NT measurement should be examined according to the gestational age. The present study offers normative data of the fetal NT thickness in a Korean population, which can be used as reference for screening chromosomal aberrations or other congenital abnormalities in the first trimester.     

Distribution of glycoconjugates during cochlea development in mice: light microscopic lectin study

During development, different epithelial cells in the mouse cochlea express different cell surface glycoconjugates, which may reflect membrane specialization. Some of the lectins tested in this study (SBA, succ-WGA, and PSA) labeled the sensory cells of the cochlea around birth. Other lectins (WGA, Con A, RCA-II, and PHA-E) labeled surfaces of the sensory cells, particularly the stereocilia, from early stages of development (gestation day (GD) 16) through 21 days after birth. These may be adhesion molecules needed to attach the newly forming tectorial membrane (TM) to the stereocilia. Lectin staining of the developing TM revealed that the substructures of the TM are biochemically distinct. Lectin staining also showed the temporal sequence of the expression of cytoplasmic glycoconjugates of the cochlear epithelium during development. Biochemical changes during development are probably the result of different cells being involved in the production of glycoconjugates, and may have functional significance, specifically with regard to the expression of adhesion and/or signaling molecules.     

Implantation of bone marrow mononuclear cells using injectable fibrin matrix enhances neovascularization in infarcted myocardium

Neovascularization may improve cardiac function and prevent further scar tissue formation in infarcted myocardium. A number of studies have demonstrated that bone marrow-derived cells have the potential to induce neovascularization in ischemic tissues. In this study, we hypothesized that implantation of bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMNCs) using injectable fibrin matrix further enhances neovascularization in infarcted myocardium compared to BMMNC implantation without matrix. To test this hypothesis, infarction was induced in rat myocardium by cryoinjury. Three weeks later, rat BMMNCs were mixed with fibrin matrix and injected into the infarcted myocardium. Injection of either BMMNCs or medium alone into infarcted myocardium served as controls. Eight weeks after the treatments, histological analyses indicated that implantation of BMMNCs using fibrin matrix resulted in more extensive tissue regeneration in the infarcted myocardium compared to BMMNC implantation without matrix. Examination with fluorescence microscopy revealed that cells labeled with a fluorescent dye prior to implantation survived in the infarcted myocardium at 8 weeks of implantation. Importantly, implantation of BMMNCs using fibrin matrix resulted in much more extensive neovascularization in infarcted myocardium than BMMNC implantation without matrix. The microvessel density in infarcted myocardium was significantly higher (p < 0.05) when BMMNCs were implanted using fibrin matrix (350 +/- 22 microvessels/mm2) compared to BMMNC implantation without matrix (262 +/- 13 microvessels/mm2) and medium injection (76 +/- 9 microvessels/mm2). In addition, average internal diameter of microvessels was significantly larger (p < 0.05) in BMMNC implantation with fibrin matrix group (14.6 +/- 1.2 microm) than BMMNC implantation without matrix group (10.2 +/- 0.7 microm) and medium injection group (7.3 +/- 0.5 microm). These results suggest that fibrin matrix could serve as a cell implantation matrix that enhances neovascularization efficacy for myocardial infarction treatment.     

HLA and Thyrotoxicosis (Graves' Disease) in Chinese

HLA locus A and B typing was performed on 86 Chinese thyrotoxicosis (Graves' Disease) patients and 238 normal Chinese subjects. The frequency of HLA-Bw46 (Sin 2) was found to be significantly higher among the patients than controls (X²= 26.15, corrected P <.003, relative risk = 3.74). The risk associated with Bw46 was reflected in the Bw46 heterozygotes. The relative risks of the joint occurrence of Bw46/B40 and Bw46/B13 were 8.74 and 5.88 respectively.     

Galactosylated PVDF membrane promotes hepatocyte attachment and functional maintenance

One of the major challenges in BLAD design is to develop functional substrates suitable for hepatocyte attachment and functional maintenance. In the present study, we designed a poly(vinylidene difluoride) (PVDF) surface coated with galactose-tethered Pluronic polymer. The galactose-derived Pluronic F68 (F68-Gal) was adsorbed on PVDF membrane through hydrophobic-hydrophobic interaction between PVDF and the polypropylene oxide segment in Pluronic. The galactose density on the modified PVDF surface increased with the concentration of the F68-Gal solution, reaching 15.4 nmol galactosyl groups per cm2 when a 1 mg/ml of F68-Gal solution was used. The adsorbed F68-Gal remained relatively stable in culture medium. Rat hepatocytes attachment efficiency on F68-Gal modified PVDF membrane was similar to that on collagen-coated surface. The attached hepatocytes on PVDF/F68-Gal membrane self-assembled into multi-cellular spheroids after 1 day of culture. These attached hepatocytes in spheroids exhibited higher cell functions such as albumin synthesis and P450 1A1 detoxification function compared to unmodified PVDF membrane and collagen-coated surface. These results suggest the potential of this galactose-immobilized PVDF membrane as a suitable substrate for hepatocyte culture.     

First external quality assurance of antibody diagnostic for SARS-new coronavirus.

To confirm an infection with the new coronavirus (SARS-CoV) causing the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) diagnostic assays for detection of SARS-CoV specific antibody are necessary. To evaluate the diagnostic performance of laboratories an external quality assurance (EQA) study was performed in 2004. Participating laboratories (9/20) correctly detected anti-SARS antibodies in serum samples without false positive results in an immunofluorescence assay. In contrast, only 4/13 laboratories detected most of the anti-SARS antibody positive samples without false positive results using enzyme immunoassays (EIA) and/or immunoblot. The overall results clearly demonstrate that serological diagnosis of SARS-CoV remains at an early stage of development, with further technical improvements required, particularly with respect to the use of SARS specific EIAs.     

The segmented regional volumes of the cerebrum and cerebellum in boys with Tourette syndrome

Neuropathological deficits are an etiological factor in Tourette syndrome (TS), and implicate a network linking the basal ganglia and the cerebrum, not a particular single brain region. In this study, the volumes of 20 cerebral and cerebellar regions and their symmetries were measured in normal boys and TS boys by brain magnetic resonance imaging. Brain magnetic resonance images were obtained prospectively in 19 boys with TS and 17 age-matched normal control boys. Cerebral and cerebellar regions were segmented to gray and white fractions using algorithm for semi-automated fuzzy tissue segmentation. The frontal, parietal, temporal, and the occipital lobes and the cerebellum were defined using the semiautomated Talairach atlas-based parcellation method. Boys with TS had smaller total brain volumes than control subjects. In the gray matter, although the smaller brain volume was taken into account, TS boys had a smaller right frontal lobe and a larger left frontal lobe and increased normal asymmetry (left>right). In addition, TS boys had more frontal lobe white matter. There were no significant differences in regions of interest of the parietal, temporal, or the occipital lobes or the cerebellum. These findings suggest that boys with TS may have neuropathological abnormalities in the gray and the white matter of the frontal lobe.