A comparative simulation study of coupled THM processes and their effect on fractured rock permeability around nuclear waste repositories

This paper presents an international, multiple-code, simulation study of coupled thermal, hydrological, and mechanical (THM) processes and their effect on permeability and fluid flow in fractured rock around heated underground nuclear waste emplacement drifts. Simulations were conducted considering two types of repository settings (1) open emplacement drifts in relatively shallow unsaturated volcanic rock, and (2) backfilled emplacement drifts in deeper saturated crystalline rock. The results showed that for the two assumed repository settings, the dominant mechanism of changes in rock permeability was thermal–mechanically induced closure (reduced aperture) of vertical fractures, caused by thermal stress resulting from repository-wide heating of the rock mass. The magnitude of thermal–mechanically induced changes in permeability was more substantial in the case of an emplacement drift located in a relatively shallow, low-stress environment where the rock is more compliant, allowing more substantial fracture closure during thermal stressing. However, in both of the assumed repository settings in this study, the thermal–mechanically induced changes in permeability caused relatively small changes in the flow field, with most changes occurring in the vicinity of the emplacement drifts.     

Abundance and distribution of dinoflagellate cysts in Xiamen Western Harbor

In a grid investigation, dinoflagellate cysts were collected from sediments in Xiamen Western Harbor in May of 2000, from which five species of cysts were identified: Alexandrium tamarensis, A. minutum, Lingulodinium polyedra, Gonyaulax scrippsae and Gymnodinium catenatum, account for about 21% in the species composition. The quanti-tative analysis of the sediments shows that the number of dinoflagellate cysts varies from 51 to 256 cysts/g of sediment, the highest value (>200 cysts/g) being recorded at the stations of the central part of the bay, while the lowest (<100 cysts/g) at the bay mouth. A good linear relationship is found between cyst amount and fine-grained sediments. Complex physiognomies on the seabed, topographty in the bay and weak water exchange are the main factors not only in cyst accumulation but also in their distribution pattern, and have resulted in the difference in cyst densities between the inner bay and the outer bay in the harbor.     

西南地区未来极端降水增加将导致其人口暴露风险加剧

基于CN05.1观测数据和一套经过降尺度偏差校正处理的模式(NEX-GDDP-CMIP6)数据,结合泰勒图、GEV极值拟合等方法,综合评估了模式对西南地区极端降水变化的模拟性能,并系统分析了未来西南地区不同重现期的极端降水演变趋势及其人口暴露度变化。结果表明,NEX-GDDP-CMIP6模式及其集合(N-CMIP6-MME)能够较好地再现观测极端降水的时空变化特征,且多模式集合结果优于大多数单个模式。未来西南地区绝大多数区域的降水和极端降水将持续增加,十年一遇、二十年一遇极端降水事件也呈增加趋势,使得未来西南地区人口暴露于不同重现期极端降水的风险进一步增加。相比十年一遇,重现期为20 a的极端降水事件增加速度更快,增加范围更广,模式一致性也更高,对应的人口暴露度增加幅度更大。到2050年左右,在SSP1-2.6、SSP2-4.5、SSP3-7.0和SSP5-8.5情景下二十年一遇的RX1day(RX5day)分别增加了175.2%(148.9%)、216.0%(162.4%)、210.9%(156.8%)和274.3%(207.1%),对应人口暴露度分别增加了129.1%(118.8%...     

一种基于统计的边缘阈值检验新方法

提出了建立在统计分析的基础上边缘阈值检验方法,每个像素的阈值由像素所处的梯度矢量的统计特性决定,这些梯度矢量的统计量用来确定边缘像素选取是否合理,从所获得的结果来看,该方法与以往的边缘检测方法不仅是一致的;而且,该方法输入参数值产生的结果比其它几种边缘检测方法更稳定。     

图象中噪声的统计特性和模型

本文描述了图象中的噪声特性,着重讨论了与信号有关的噪声的模型及其统计特性,特别是颗粒噪粒噪声和光电散粒噪声。指出磁带记录噪声是一种与信号有关的噪声。在Naderi和Sawchuk图象中噪声模型的基础上,针对CCD摄象机的图象数字化,提出了底片数字化图象的模糊和退化模型。     

江淮流域旱涝年夏季E-P通量特征分析

利用 1 958～ 1 997年NCAR/NCEP全球再分析资料和 1 951～ 1 998年全国 1 6 0站月降水资料研究了江淮流域旱涝年夏季E P通量的分布状况 ,旱年E P通量在4 0°N附近呈强辐合特征 ,涝年在 30°N附近呈强辐合特征 ,其分布形式与降水的对应关系显著。旱涝年E P通量不同的分布形式促使江淮流域旱年 4 0°N附近的高空西风急流得到加强 ,涝年 30°N附近的高空西风急流得到加强 ,使得相应地区的风场高层辐散、低层辐合得到加强 ,形成了有利于降水生成的动力条件 ,是江淮流域及中国区域不同形式的降水分布形成的重要因素。     

Intercomparison of NO<Subscript><Emphasis Type="Italic">x</Emphasis></Subscript>, SO<Subscript>2</Subscript>, O<Subscript>3</Subscript>, and aromatic hydrocarbons measured by a commercial DOAS system and traditional point monitoring techniques

A field-based intercomparison study of a(DOAS) instrument (OPSIS AB, Sweden) andcommercial Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopydifferent point-sample monitoring techniques (PM, basedon an air monitoring station, an air monitoring vehicle, and various chemical methods) was conducted inBeijing from October 1999 to January 2000. The mixing ratios of six trace gases including NO, NO2, SO2,03, benzene, and toluene were monitored continuously during the four months. A good agreement betweenthe DOAS and PM data was found for NO2 and SO2. However, the concentrations of benzene, toluene,and NO obtained by DOAS were significantly lower than those measured by the point monitors. Theozone levels monitored by the DOAS were generally higher than those measured by point monitors. Theseresults may be attributed to a strong vertical gradient of the NO-O3-NO2 system and of the aromatics atthe measurement site. Since the exact data evaluation algorithm is not revealed by the manufacturer ofthe DOAS system, the error in the DOAS analysis can also not be excluded.     

海藻光合作用测定新方法——海水流通式测定法

新测定方法采用开放式测定系统。测定时，海水不断地流过海藻，使其周围的环境与在海中相似，避免了传统封闭式测定系统中的“瓶效应”。这种新方法根据海水的流量、流入与注出海经水中溶解氧浓度的差以及管内海藻的生物量算出光合作用速度，具有简便、可靠以及能够测定个体较大海藻的优点。     

海洋浮游甲壳类分子系统学研究进展

回顾海洋浮游甲壳类系统学研究的基础上，综述了生化水平和DNA(mtDNA和核DNA)水平的分子系统学研究现状。分子标记中DNA序列分析最为常用，其次是RFLP和RAPD分析，mtDNA主要应用于分类学、群体遗传学、种间分子进化和系统发育重建研究，而核DNA则应用于科以上较高阶元的系统发育和种内、近缘种间的遗传结构和遗传分化研究。最后对存在的问题和应用前景进行了展望。     

基于低频振荡信号的中国南方冬半年持续性低温指数延伸期预报试验

利用1961-2009年36°N以南、108°E以东中国大陆191个站点逐日最低气温和NCEP/NCAR再分析日平均格点,研究与区域持续性低温事件有关的大气低频振荡信号,寻找可以在一定程度上表征不同类型区域持续性低温事件的指数,并尝试结合DERF2.0系统的预报产品进行持续性低温指数的延伸期预报试验。结果表明:（1）在研究范围内的区域持续性低温事件可以归纳为江北型、江南型和全区域型3类,其中江北型和江南型事件的环流背景差异体现在异常环流中心的纬度位置上,而全区域型事件属于增强型的江北型事件;（2）江北型和江南型区域平均最低气温时间序列的10-30 d低频分量的位相和强度变化与区域持续性低温事件的发生有显著关系,可以作为表征区域持续性低温事件指数和预报量;（3）100°-120°E范围内850 hPa温度场距平的经验正交函数分解前两个主模态具有显著的10-30 d变化周期,并且其空间结构分别与江北型和江南型事件的典型环流特征一致,前两个主模态时间系数能够作为持续性低温指数的预报因子;（4）检验结果表明,DERF2.0系统对上述预报因子有一定的预报能力。在延伸期预报时效内,利用统计学和动力学相结合的方法制作的持续性低温指数的预报效果好于模式直接预报的2 m气温,该预报方法有助于提升区域持续性低温事件的延伸预报能力。