The Mars oxidant experiment (MOx) for Mars '96

The MOx instrument was developed to characterize the reactive nature of the martian soil. The objectives of MOx were: (1) to measure the rate of degradation of organics in the martian environment; (2) to determine if the reactions seen by the Viking biology experiments were caused by a soil oxidant and measure the reactivity of the soil and atmosphere: (3) to monitor the degradation, when exposed to the martian environment, of materials of potential use in future missions; and, finally, (4) to develop technologies and approaches that can be part of future soil analysis instrumentation. The basic approach taken in the MOx instrument was to place a variety of materials composed as thin films in contact with the soil and monitor the physical and chemical changes that result. The optical reflectance of the thin films was the primary sensing-mode. Thin films of organic materials, metals, and semiconductors were prepared. Laboratory simulations demonstrated the response of thin films to active oxidants.     

土壤地球化学在西澳大利亚Yilgarn地块黑旗地区金矿勘查中的应用

８０年代以来,土壤地球化学已经被 在西澳在利亚Ｋａｌｇｏｏｒｌｉｅ北西约５０ｋｍ的黑旗地区进行金矿勘查的一种有效的技术。１９９１－１９９５年间,澳大利亚矿业公司在一片大约４００ｋｍ＾２的租地区实施了一项系统的土壤地球化学计划;该地区的大部分此前曾经由许多不同的勘查小组用多种地球化学技术进行勘查。一个包含近４００００个样品的ＧＩＳ数据库被集成起来,这些数据部分来自ＭＣＡ的工作,也适当地使用了无前勘查     

Reconstruction of contaminant trends in a salt wedge estuary with sediment cores dated using a multiple proxy approach

The Taunton River is a partially mixed tidal estuary in southeastern Massachusetts (USA) which has received significant contaminant inputs, yet little information exists on the history of discharge and the subsequent fate of these contaminants. Three sediment cores taken along a transect were analyzed, reconstructing the spatial and temporal trends of pollution in the estuary. A combination of radiometric dating, contaminant markers, and storm layers from major hurricanes were used to establish age models and sedimentation rates. Age estimates obtained from the different dating methods compared well, establishing an accurate history of contaminant release to the estuary. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were present in one core at depths corresponding to the early 1860s, earlier than previously established dates of introduction. Temporal and spatial trends of Cr, Cu, Hg and Pb indicated multiple sources of varying input to the river. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were present in each of the cores from the 1930s onward, with elevated levels still present in surficial sediments at several sites. A unique organic compound, Topanol, which was produced locally was used as a tracer to track contaminant transport in the river. Tracer data indicates that contaminants are still being transported and deposited to surficial sediments at high concentrations well after their discharge. This reconstruction demonstrates the utility of using multiple dating proxies where often the sole use of radiometric dating techniques is not an option and provides insights into the fate of contaminants discharged decades ago but continue to represent environmental risks.     

Hydrothermal Titanite From the Chengchao Iron Skarn Deposit: Temporal Constraints on Iron Mineralization and Its Potential as A Reference Material for Titanite U-Pb Dating

Please refer to the attachment(s) for more details     

焦作煤的大分子结构演化特征及其地质意义

通过较系统地测试分析,作者发现焦作矿区山西组二,煤的大分子结构演变颇有规律,在此煤化系列中存在着“第四次煤化作用跃变”阶段。在此基础上进一步分析,作者得出了如下新的认识:①研究区的“第四次煤化作用跃变”可能发生于镜质体R_m~0 3.9～4.0％附近,略滞后于前人从人工煤化实验中得出的R_m~0 3.7％的结论;②在R_m~0 4.5～4.7％附近可能存在着另一次较小的煤化作用跃变,暂且称为“第五次煤化作用跃变”;③在“第四次煤化作用跃变”前后煤中有机质大分子结构的演变是以环缩合作用和秩理化作用为主,芳构化作用次之;④煤化作用的产物除了CH_4之外,还可能有一定的H_2、H_2S、H_2O等产出,且“生气”作用可能持续至“第五次煤化作用跃变”之后。     

煤炭地下气化项目技术经济评价研究进展述评

煤炭地下气化(UCG)是我国清洁高效煤炭能源结构发展战略所驱,其产业化前景取决于项目的经济社会效益。立足这一背景,回顾了国内外UCG项目经济评价研究进展,总结了UCG项目经济竞争力的当前理解,通过案例介绍了煤炭地下气化–蒸气轮机联合循环发电–CO₂捕集与储存(UCGCCGT-CCS)经济评价基本模型及主要认识,讨论了深化UCG项目经济评价研究的方向性启示。结果显示,国内外目前对UCG经济性的认识存在差异,普遍对浅部UCG项目商业竞争力持乐观态度,但对深部UCG经济性认识分歧较大;财务分析基本方法与技术经济参数、适应性数学工具的结合形成了UCG项目技术经济评价模型,国内外UCG技术经济研究各有特色;UCG项目经济性极大程度上取决于合成气利用路线及CO2处理方式和成本,其中腔体宽度因子(HWR)、合成气成分、发电效率、CO2处理对合成气发电总成本的影响最为强烈。分析认为,加强技术经济参数针对性研究是深化我国UCG经济评价的当务之急,系统剖析现有UCG现场试验案例经济性特点是破解目前认识差异困局的客观途径;深化煤炭地下气化–二氧化碳循环利用(UCG–CCU)过程及其工程...     

威宁地区下石炭统祥摆组：一个潜在的薄互层煤系气新层系

水页1井未压裂煤系高产气流的偶然发现,昭示黔西北威宁及其邻区下石炭统祥摆组可能成为我国西南局部地区煤系气勘查新层系。然而,该区祥摆组前期煤系气地质调查有限,关于资源条件和前景区的认识存在一定差异,且对煤系特点考虑不足。鉴于此,基于近期地质调查进展,结合前人基础地质研究成果,探讨了威宁及其邻区祥摆组煤系气地质条件和勘查前景。结果显示,威宁地区祥摆组是一套典型的薄互层煤系,下段潮坪—潟湖相煤系气显示强烈,但煤系储层总体上具有低孔特低渗的特征。单井研究发现,随埋深加大,祥摆组储层吸附气含量存在一个“临界深度”,一旦超过该深度,煤系页岩吸附甲烷含量快速增高,煤层吸附甲烷含量开始降低但其游离气含量可能增大,导致总含气量可能明显增大。综合分析认为,威宁地区祥摆组在埋深大于1500 m之后可能具有综合开发价值,龙街、羊场、海改地、二都、天星洞、玉龙6个深向斜是下一步勘查的重点构造单元,往东可扩展到黔西地区格目底、晴隆、朗岱等较大规模深向斜构造。同时,逆冲推覆构造对祥摆组煤系气保存条件的影响值得高度关注。基于上述分析,提出了落实祥摆组煤系气勘查战略选区的5条原则性建议。     

A procedure for identifying significant environmental aspects in sea ports

A new methodology has been designed to identify and rank the significant environmental aspects in sea ports. The main objective of the Strategic Overview of Significant Environmental Aspects (SOSEA) is to help port managers to identify significant environmental aspects and to reinforce the awareness about them in order to prioritise work in environmental management. Developed in close collaboration with port environmental managers and tested in a set of ports, it is a user-friendly tool that can be applied in approximately half a working day. It is based on ISO 14001 vocabulary and requirements and it can be considered as the base for the implementation of any Environmental Management System for port communities.     

Laboratory investigation of the effects of mineral size and concentration on the formation of oil-mineral aggregates

Controlled laboratory studies of the formation of oil-mineral aggregates (OMA) in seawater demonstrate that sediment concentration and sediment size are key variables for determining the quantity of oil droplets stabilised by OMA formation. Experiments with a single sediment size and a range of sediment concentrations show that as sediment concentration increases, the quantity of oil trapped in OMA increases abruptly. In experiments with a single sediment concentration and a range of sediment sizes, the quantity of oil trapped in OMA decreases as sediment size increases. These results provide direct support to the hypothesis that there is a critical sediment concentration for OMA formation. Below this concentration, stabilisation of oil droplets by OMA decreases rapidly, while above this concentration, stabilisation is extensive. The results also support simple geometric models of OMA formation that predict that the critical sediment mass concentration increases linearly with sediment particle diameter. These results will help to place quantitative constraint on predictions of where and when OMA formation will be a factor in the natural dispersal of oil accidentally spilled into the ocean.