Calculation of the added mass of elliptical cylinders with vertical fins in shallow water

In order to carry out any studies of ship motions, concerning either seakeeping or manoeuvring, it is usually necessary to have knowledge of the added mass of the hull section shapes. In deep water, the added mass can be found using conformal mapping techniques combined with residue calculus, or by means of surface singularity distributions. In shallow water, the need to utilise an infinite number of mirror images, to represent the effects of the seabed and the free surface, precludes the use of the deep-water methods in this case. In previous papers, the author presented methods to evaluate the added mass of semi-circular and elliptical body sections. Now, using a similar Schwarz–Christoffel method, the added mass of elliptical body sections with vertical fins in shallow water is evaluated.     

Exploring uncertainties in terrain feature extraction across multi-scale,multi-feature,and multi-method approaches for variable terrain

Terrain analysis uses different workflows to extract features from terrain models for the purpose of understanding topographic patterns and processes. However, the results of different workflows often conflict, leading to uncertainties about feature locations. Instead of relying upon a single workflow, we suggest that a fusion of information from multiple workflows better informs terrain analysis. From terrain data with different degrees of variability, we extracted terrain features related to the set of topographic surface network feature classes {peaks, pits, saddles, ridges, courses} using workflows from free, open-source, and commercial software. A multi-scale analysis produced terrain features with fuzzy membership values for various feature classes and revealed that terrain locations can exhibit characteristics of all classes. Multi-feature maps were created by determining at each location the dominant and second-ranked features, and an uncertainty value. Our multi-method approach incorporated all of the workflows’ multi-scale results and again produced multi-feature maps that increased the confidence of some features and reduced the signal of dissimilar results. We also found that high variability terrain produced crisper features in both spatial extent and membership strength. Our overall conclusion is that multi-scale, multi-feature, and multi-method analyses clarify terrain feature uncertainty.     

The geography of smoking in Leeds: estimating individual smoking rates and the implications for the location of stop smoking services

Smoking is an important and topical health issue in the UK. In Leeds, the target is to reduce smoking prevalence by 9 per cent by 2010. However, a key unknown is the likely distribution of smokers across the city. This paper aims to estimate individual smoking rates using microsimulation and hence evaluate the performance of established stop smoking services, e.g. how well do they serve local areas and to what extent does attendance vary between service point locations? Location-allocation modelling is employed to test various location scenarios and provide insight into where to optimally place centres.     

Grain‐scale dependency of metamorphic reaction on crystal plastic strain

The Breaksea Orthogneiss in Fiordland, New Zealand preserves water‐poor intermediate and mafic igneous rocks that were partially recrystallized to omphacite granulite and eclogite, respectively, at P ≈ 1.8 GPa and T ≈ 850°C. Metamorphic reaction consumed plagioclase and produced grossular‐rich garnet, jadeite‐rich omphacite, clinozoisite and kyanite. The extent of metamorphic reaction, identified by major and trace element composition and microstructural features, is patchy on the grain and outcrop scale. Domains of re‐equilibration coincide with areas that exhibit higher strain suggesting a causal link between crystal plastic strain and metamorphic reaction. Quantitative orientation analysis (EBSD) identifies gradual and stepped changes in crystal lattice orientations of igneous phenocrysts that are surrounded by homophase areas of neoblasts, characterized by high grain boundary to volume ratios and little to no internal lattice distortion. The narrow, peripheral compositional modification of less deformed garnet and omphacite phenocrysts reflects limited lattice diffusion in areas that lacked three‐dimensional networks of interconnected low‐angle boundaries. Low‐angle boundaries acted as elemental pathways (pipe diffusion) that enhanced in‐grain element diffusion. The scale of pipe diffusion is pronounced in garnet relatively to clinopyroxene. Strain‐induced mineral transformation largely controlled the extent of high‐T metamorphic reaction under relatively fluid‐poor conditions.