南海北部和海南岛附近海域表层沉积物中有机质的分布和降解状态的差异

利用气相色谱法对南海北部和海南岛附近海域表层沉积物中正构烷烃(n-alkanes)和脂肪酸进行测定和分析,结合粒径、比表面积(specific surface area,SSA)、有机碳(OC%)、碳稳定同位素(δ~(13)C)等参数研究有机物来源和降解状态,并对其影响因素进行分析。研究结果表明:沉积物主要以粉砂为主,平均粒径分布范围在10.97—517.21μm之间,选取的16个站位的比表面积平均值为8.05m~2/g,最大值是S23站位的24.46m~2/g,最小值是S29站位的1.73m~2/g,OC%含量在0.15—1.18之间,δ~(13)C值为–23.05‰—–21.24‰。沉积物中正构烷烃碳链的分布范围是nC_(14)—nC_(33),低碳数峰群以nC_(16)、nC_(18)为主峰碳且具有偶碳数优势,高碳数峰群以nC_(29)为主峰碳。脂肪酸的碳数分布范围是nC_(14)—nC_(30),低碳数单峰型分布,短链饱和脂肪酸(short chain saturated fatty acids,SCSFA)和单不饱和脂肪酸(monounsaturated fatty acids,MUFA)的含量占总脂肪酸含量的70%以上,长链饱和脂肪酸(long chain saturated fatty acids,LCSFA)的含量不到10%,据此说明这两个区域有机质均以海源输入为主。在有机物保存和降解方面,海南岛附近海域有机质载荷(OC/SSA)和δ~(13)C之间的正相关,表现了良好的陆源和海源的有机物更替,但是珠江口附近海域系列样品却未见相似过程。不仅在物源更替方面,在有机质降解特征上珠江口附近海域中的有机物与海南岛附近海域和南海陆架深水区也有很大的差别。海南岛附近海域和南海陆架深水区有机质的降解符合一般规律,随着水深的增加降解程度逐渐变大,然而珠江口附近海域随着水深的增加有机质却越来越"新鲜"。结合前人对珠江口附近海域黏土矿物组成的研究,本文认为珠江口附近海域沉积物中有机质之所以会出现上述"异常"可能是因为该研究区域黏土矿物对有机质选择性吸附所导致。     

染色法测量坡面流流速的最佳测流区长度研究

染色法是测定坡面流流速最常用的方法,但对测流区长度的选择没有统一标准.统一测流区长度不仅能减少流速测定误差,还能提高不同试验间的可比性.本文采用室内变坡水槽试验,用染色法测量表面最大流速并计算平均流速时,选择6个常见测流区长度,以流量法计算的平均流速为参照值,选取5个统计参数(RRMSE、RE、NSE、R2、MAE)作为评价指标,将不同测流区长度下染色法与流量法所获得的平均流速进行比较,分析染色法测量坡面流流速的最佳距离.研究结果表明:当测流区长度为2m和3m时,RRMSE都较小;在2m处,RE、MAE达到最小,NSE、R2最接近1,此时染色法测定的流速与流量法计算的流速最为接近.因此,用染色剂法测量坡面流速度的最佳距离应选在2m.     

考虑体积变化影响的岩石应变软硬化损伤本构模型及参数确定方法

针对现有岩石损伤模型的局限性与不足,将应力作用下的岩石抽象为空隙、损伤与未损伤材料三部分,以空隙率反映岩石体积或空隙的变化,以损伤变量或损伤因子反映岩石力学性态的改变程度,通过对各部分材料的微观受力及其与宏观应力和应变的关系进行分析,建立了可反映岩石变形过程中体积或空隙变化特性的新型岩石损伤模型;从岩石微元强度合理度量方法研究入手,引进统计损伤理论,建立了可考虑损伤阀值影响的岩石统计损伤演化模型,进而建立了能模拟应变软硬化全过程的岩石统计损伤本构模型,并提出了参数确定方法。该模型不仅能反映岩石应变软硬化特性,而且能反映岩石变形的初期压密和后期扩容的特性。通过实例分析与讨论,表明模型合理与可行。     

Spatial Characteristics and Controlling Factors of the Strike‐slip Fault Zones in the Northern Slope of Tazhong Uplift,Tarim Basin: Insight from 3D Seismic Data

The detailed characteristics of the Paleozoic strike-slip fault zones developed in the northern slope of Tazhong uplift are closely related to hydrocarbon explorations. In this study, five major strike-slip fault zones that cut through the Cambrian-Middle Devonian units are identified, by using 3D seismic data. Each of the strike-slip fault zones is characterized by two styles of deformation, namely deeper strike-slip faults and shallower en-echelon faults. By counting the reverse separation of the horizon along the deeper faults, activity intensity on the deeper strike-slip faults in the south is stronger than that on the northern ones. The angle between the strike of the shallower en-echelon normal faults and the principal displacement zone(PDZ) below them is likely to have a tendency to decrease slightly from the south to the north, which may indicate that activity intensity on the shallower southern en-echelon faults is stronger than that on the northern ones. Comparing the reverse separation along the deeper faults and the fault throw of the shallower faults, activity intensity of the Fault zone S1 is similar across different layers, while the activity intensity of the southern faults is larger than that of the northern ones. It is obvious that both the activity intensity of the same layer in different fault zones and different layers in the same fault zone have a macro characteristic in that the southern faults show stronger activity intensity than the northern ones. The Late Ordovician décollement layer developed in the Tazhong area and the peripheral tectonic events of the Tarim Basin have been considered two main factors in the differential deformation characteristics of the strike-slip fault zones in the northern slope of Tazhong uplift. They controlled the differences in the multi-level and multi-stage deformations of the strike-slip faults, respectively. In particular, peripheral tectonic events of the Tarim Basin were the dynamic source of the formatting and evolution of the strike-slip fault zones, and good candidates to accommodate the differential activity intensity of these faults.     

广西德保县荣华锰矿床地质特征研究

荣华锰矿赋存于桂西三叠系百逢组中,为该层位首次发现的中型规模锰矿。笔者通过参与矿区锰矿勘查工作,采用室内外观测、测试、工程揭露和验证等手段,对研究区地层、构造、沉积演化、含矿层位、矿体及矿石矿物特征、矿床成因和找矿标志等方面进行了分析探讨。研究发现荣华锰矿为典型的沉积-锰帽型矿床,严格受地层和构造因素控制;矿石类型主要为氧化锰矿贫锰矿石;氧化锰矿物主要为水羟锰矿、硬锰矿及软锰矿;矿床成因与原始沉积作用、后期风化淋滤等有重要关系;百逢组浊积岩之下、罗楼组碳酸盐岩之上的狭窄范围是荣华锰矿的典型找矿标志,该标志对大量出露三叠系百逢组的桂西地区具有普遍意义,同时指出桂西地区该组地层内具有良好的找矿前景。     

内蒙古林西地区上二叠统林西组叶肢介化石的发现及意义

前人对林西县上二叠统林西组和扎鲁特旗陶海营子组进行过长期研究,发现较多淡水双壳类和植物化石,而叶肢介化石仅在陶海营子组有所发现。本次研究在内蒙古林西县官地剖面林西组的中上部首次发现叶肢介化石,经初步鉴定为林西黄河叶肢介（新种）等3个属种。叶肢介化石的发现为林西组时代的进一步确定、地层对比和古地理重建提供了可靠的化石依据,具有重要的地层学和古地理古构造学意义。     

气候变暖对黄河源区生态环境的影响

黄河源区位于多年冻土区,严酷寒冷的气候条件和冻土共同构建成一种特殊的冻结水环境,使地下水类型和水文地质结构均发生变化,与非冻土区有显著的差别,形成特殊的水文地质区。近几十年来,由于全球性气候温变暖,出现大面积冻土退化,以及过度放牧、鼠害加剧等原因,造成草场退化,沙漠化趋势日渐明显,严重地冲击着黄河河源区的水源养涵功能,导致黄河在源头段多次出现断流。通过水平衡计算,探讨了气候变暖对黄河源区多年冻土退化的影响,并阐述了冻结层上水环境变化和人类活动对生态环境的影响。     

Leaf area index retrieval based on canopy reflectance and vegetation index in eastern China

The aim of this paper is to investigate the feasibility of using Landsat TM data to retrieve leaf area index (LAI). To get a LAI retrieval model based ground reflectance and vegetation index, detailed field data were collected in the study area of eastern China, dominated by bamboo, tea plant and greengage. Plant canopy reflectance of Landsat TM wavelength bands has been inversed using software of 6S. LAI is an important ecological parameter. In this paper, atmospheric corrected Landsat TM imagery was utilized to calculate different vegetation indices (VI), such as simple ratio vegetation index (SR), shortwave infrared modified simple ratio (MSR), and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). Data of 53 samples of LAI were measured by LAI-2000 (LI-COR) in the study area. LAI was modeled based on different reflectances of bands and different vegetation indices from Landsat TM and LAI samples data. There are certainly correlations between LAI and the reflectance of Tm3, TM4, TM5 and TM7. The best model through analyzing the results is LAI = 1.2097*MSR + 0.4741 using the method of regression analysis. The result shows that the correlation coefficient R2 is 0.5157, and average accuracy is 85.75%. However, whether the model of this paper is suitable for application in subtropics needs to be verified in the future.     

近200年来黑河下游天鹅湖湖泊沉积记录的环境变迁

根据2002-2004年洞庭湖水质监测数据,参照GB3838-2002中Ⅲ类水质标准,选用内梅罗水污染指数法和黄浦江污染指数对洞庭湖水质现状进行评价,结果表明:(1)洞庭湖水体的主要污染指标是总磷,总氮和粪大肠菌群;(2)黄浦江污染指数平均值为0．27,所以洞庭湖12个断面水质无黑臭现象发生;(3)枯水期西洞庭湖和南洞庭湖水质污染最严重,平水期西洞庭湖水质污染最严重,洞庭湖丰水期的污染程度小于平水期;(4)洞庭湖的大部分水体的水质主要处于轻度污染的状态,局部水体的水质在枯水期达到重污染的状态．     

针铁矿对湖泊草、藻来源可溶有机质的非均质吸附

为探究富营养化湖泊中自生源可溶有机质(DOM)在泥水界面的吸附行为,以马来眼子菜(Potamogeton malaianus)和铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)释放的DOM为代表,考察针铁矿对草、藻源DOM中不同组分的吸附特征.三维荧光平行因子分析表明类富里酸组分C1和类胡敏酸组分C4的含量很低,而类蛋白物质(类酪氨酸组分C2和类色氨酸组分C3)分别占草、藻源DOM荧光组成的70%和93%. 2种DOM均可被针铁矿吸附,吸附过程符合伪一级动力学.通过等温线拟合发现针铁矿吸附藻源DOM的非线性更强,饱和吸附量(23.77 mg/g)高于草源DOM(19.10 mg/g).特别地,类蛋白组分呈现非线性吸附,而类腐殖物质的吸附近似线性,且针铁矿对于DOM各荧光组分的吸附量顺序为:C3>C2> C4> C1,此非均质吸附特征与DOM组分的初始含量、分子大小、芳香性及有效吸附位点有关.红外光谱证实氨基、羧基和羟基是吸附过程中的重要官能团.因此,草、藻源DOM显著改变了针铁矿表面的有机物质组成,影响湖泊沉积物的生物地球化学行为.