天山0．9Ga新元古代花岗岩SHRIMP锆石U-Pb年龄及其构造意义

天山造山带的中天山隆起带中广泛出露着新元古代花岗岩类岩石。获得了东天山星星峡和西天山温泉地区片麻状花岗岩中锆石的SHRIMP U-Pb年龄,分别为（942±7）Ma（2σ）和（919±6）Ma（2σ）。这些花岗岩以特有的粗粒、巨大的眼球状片麻结构为特征。主元素数据表明它们属于过铝质的二长花岗岩,具有高SiO2（≥170％）、高K2O＋Na2O（7％～≥8％）,且K2O〉Na2O。这些新元古代花岗岩类岩石具不同的REE含量,但它们有近于平行的REE分布曲线和明显的Eu负异常,同时代的星星峡混合岩具有较高的REE含量,明显富集LREE。它们的微量元素蛛网图几乎完全相同,均有明显的Nb、Sr、Ti、P负异常。基于Nd同位素组成研究,其εNd（t）在-4至-0之间,Nd模式年龄tDM为2．0～1．6Ga。由于放射成因Sr同位素组成非常高,不可能得到精确有意义的Sr同位素初始值。上述特征均表明这些新元古代花岗岩形成于大陆边缘构造环境,由古元古代地壳重熔并经历了高度的结晶分异作用而形成。综合近年来发表的关于天山各地段,诸如温泉、赛里木湖以东、拉尔敦达坂、巴仑台和星星峡等地区较为可靠的锆石U—Pb年龄数据,我们认为天山新元古代花岗岩类岩石主要形成于960-910Ma。结合塔里木盆地周边古老地块年龄的研究结果,可以推断在早新元古代时期塔里木周边和天山的古老地块可能曾组成Rodinia超大陆的一部分。     

Lithium speciation in aqueous fluids at high P and T studied by ab initio molecular dynamics and consequences for Li-isotope fractionation between minerals and fluids

Ab initio molecular dynamics simulations are performed to study the speciation changes in lithium bearing aqueous fluids at high temperature (T = 1000 K) and high pressures, P, between about 0.3 and 6.0 GPa. The simulations show a linear increase in Li coordination with fluid density, from 3.2 to about five in the considered pressure range. Towards low densities, associated LiF complexes are becoming increasingly stable, which is quantified by evaluating the dynamic behavior of the respective species. In the high-density region, HF complexes are observed. The differences in speciation may be related to structural changes of the solvent under compression. At a fluid density of 1.2 g/cm³, kinks in the pressure dependences of the oxygen–oxygen nearest neighbor distance and the oxygen–oxygen coordination are observed, which indicates a change in compaction mechanism. Assuming that the Li coordination difference between crystal and fluid is a major determinant for the isotopic fractionation between minerals and fluids, we expect only a small pressure dependence of the Li isotopic fractionation between Li bearing fluids and minerals. Our simulation results are consistent with experimental data that show reverse fractionation of ⁷Li between fluid and mineral, when Li is in tetrahedral instead of octahedral coordination in the crystal.     

Zircon U–Pb dating of eclogite from the Qiangtang terrane,north-central Tibet: a case of metamorphic zircon with magmatic geochemical features

International Journal of Earth Sciences - Zircon is probably the most important mineral used in the dating formation of high-pressure (HP) and ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) metamorphic rocks. The origin...     

Ti K-edge XANES study on the coordination number and oxidation state of Titanium in pyroxene,olivine, armalcolite,ilmenite, and silicate glass during mare basalt petrogenesis

Lunar mare basalts are a product of partial melting of the lunar mantle under more reducing conditions when compared to those expected for the Earth’s upper mantle. Alongside Fe, Ti can be a major redox sensitive element in lunar magmas, and it can be enriched by up to a factor of ten in lunar basaltic glasses when compared to their terrestrial counterparts. Therefore, to better constrain the oxidation state of Ti and its coordination chemistry during lunar magmatic processes, we report new X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy measurements for a wide range of minerals (pyroxene, olivine, Fe–Ti oxides) and basaltic melt compositions involved in partial melting of the lunar mantle. Experiments were conducted in 1 bar gas-mixing furnaces at temperatures between 1100 and 1300 °C and oxygen fugacities (fO₂) that ranged from air to two orders of magnitude below the Fe–FeO redox equilibrium. Run products were analysed via electron microprobe and XANES Ti K-edge. Typical run products had large (>?100 µm) crystals in equilibrium with quenched silicate glass. Ti K-edge XANES spectra show a clear shift in energy of the absorption edge features from oxidizing to reducing conditions and yield an average valence for Fe–Ti oxides (armalcolite and ilmenite) of 3.6, i.e., a 40% of the overall Ti is Ti³⁺ under fO₂ conditions relevant to lunar magmatism (IW ??1.5 to ??1.8). Pyroxenes and olivine have average Ti valence of 3.75 (i.e., 25% of the overall Ti is trivalent), while in silicate glasses Ti is exclusively tetravalent. Pre-edge peak intensities also indicate that the coordination number of Ti varies from an average V-fold in silicate glass to VI-fold in the Fe–Ti oxides and a mixture between IV and VI-fold coordination in the pyroxenes and olivine, with up to 82% ^[IV]Ti⁴⁺ in the pyroxene. In addition, our results can help to better constrain the Ti³⁺/∑Ti of the lunar mantle phases during magmatic processes and are applied to provide first insights into the mechanisms that may control Ti mass-dependent equilibrium isotope fractionation in lunar mare basalts.     

Sequence of magmatic events in the Late Paleozoic of Transbaikalia,Russia (U-Pb isotope data)

The Late Paleozoic intrusive rocks, mostly granitoids, totally occupy more than 200,000 km² on the territory of Transbaikalia. Isotopic U-Pb zircon dating (about 30 samples from the most typical plutons) shows that the Late Paleozoic magmatic cycle lasted for 55–60 m.y., from ~330 Ma to ~275 Ma. During this time span, five intrusive suites were emplaced throughout the region. The earliest are high-K calc-alkaline granites (330–310 Ma) making up the Angara–Vitim batholith of 150,000 km² in area. At later stages, formation of geochemically distinct intrusive suites occurred with total or partial overlap in time. In the interval of 305–285 Ma two suites were emplaced: calc-alkaline granitoids with decreased SiO₂ content (the Chivyrkui suite of quartz monzonite and granodiorite) and the Zaza suite comprising transitional from calc-alkaline to alkaline granite and quartz syenite. At the next stage, in the interval of 285–278 Ma the shoshonitic Low Selenga suite made up of monzonite, syenite and alkali rich microgabbro was formed; this suite was followed, with significant overlap in time (281–276 Ma), by emplacement of Early Kunalei suite of alkaline (alkali feldspar) and peralkaline syenite and granite. Concurrent emplacement of distinct plutonic suites suggests simultaneous magma generation at different depth and, possibly, from different sources. Despite complex sequence of formation of Late Paleozoic intrusive suites, a general trend from high-K calc-alkaline to alkaline and peralkaline granitoids, is clearly recognized. New data on the isotopic U-Pb zircon age support the Rb-Sr isotope data suggesting that emplacement of large volumes of peralkaline and alkaline (alkali feldspar) syenites and granites occurred in two separate stages: Early Permian (281–278 Ma) and Late Triassic (230–210 Ma). Large volumes and specific compositions of granitoids suggest that the Late Paleozoic magmatism in Transbaikalia occurred successively in the post-collisional (330–310 Ma), transitional (305–285 Ma) and intraplate (285–275 Ma) setting.     

Komatiites of the Onverwacht Group,S. Africa: REE geochemistry,Sm/Nd age and mantle evolution

Komatiites of the Tjakastad Subgroup of the Onverwacht Group (S. Africa) were dated by the Sm/Nd method. A whole-rock isochron yields an age of 3.56±0.24 (2) AE, with initial ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd ratio of 0.50818±23 (2), corresponding to _Nd(T)= + 1.9±4.5. This age is interpreted as the time of initial Onverwacht volcanism. This result agrees with earlier Sm/Nd data of Hamilton et al. (1979) and is consistent with the Rb-Sr result of Jahn and Shih (1974).Komatiites may be divided into 3 groups based on the typology of heavy REE distributions (Jahn and Gruau 1981). According to this scheme, the Onverwacht komatiites of the present study belong to two groups: the predominant Group II rocks showing (Gd/Yb)_N1.4, CaO/Al₂O₃ = 1.33, Al₂O₃/TiO₂10.6; and the subordinate Group III rocks with (Gd/Yb)_N<1.0; CaO/Al₂O₃0.6 and A1₂O₃/ TiO₂40. This contrasting feature is best explained by garnet fractionation within the mantle sources.Younger komatiites (2.7 AE) from Finland, Canada, Rhodesia, and Australia have (Gd/Yb)_N1.0, CaO/ Al₂O₃<1.1 and Al₂O₃/TiO₂21 based on 58 analyses. These ratios are nearly chondritic or of the bulk earth value (Anders 1977). It appears that some late Archean komatiites are different in chemistry from many early Archean komatiites. This may imply that the upper mantle chemistry has evolved through Archean times. However, the age connotation of the chemical parameters, such as CaO/Al₂O₃, (Gd/Yb)_N or Al₂O₃/TiO₂ ratio has not been firmly established. The characteristic high CaO/Al₂O₃ or (Gd/Yb)_N ratios in many Onverwacht Group rocks can also be explained as a result of local short-term mantle heterogeneity.     

Paleoproterozoic age of the Zeya Group,Stanovoy Complex of the Dzhugdzhur–Stanovoy Superterrane (Central Asian mobile belt): Results of Sm–Nd isotopic and U–Th–Pb geochronological (LA-ICP-MS) аnalyses

Geochemical Sm–Nd isotope and U–Th–Pb geochronological (LA-ICP-MS) studies have demonstrated that the Zeya Group of the Stanovoy Complex of the Dzhugdzhur–Stanovoy Superterrane (Central Asian fold belt) is not Paleoarchean, as was previously thought, but Paleoproterozoic in age.     

Prediction of equilibrium Li isotope fractionation between minerals and aqueous solutions at high P and T: An efficient ab initio approach

The mass-dependent equilibrium stable isotope fractionation between different materials is an important geochemical process. Here we present an efficient method to compute the isotope fractionation between complex minerals and fluids at high pressure, P, and temperature, T, representative for the Earth’s crust and mantle. The method is tested by computation of the equilibrium fractionation of lithium isotopes between aqueous fluids and various Li bearing minerals such as staurolite, spodumene and mica. We are able to correctly predict the direction of the isotope fractionation as observed in the experiments. On the quantitative level the computed fractionation factors agree within 1.0‰ with the experimental values indicating predictive power of ab initio methods. We show that with ab initio methods we are able to investigate the underlying mechanisms driving the equilibrium isotope fractionation process, such as coordination of the fractionating elements, their bond strengths to the neighboring atoms, compression of fluids and thermal expansion of solids. This gives valuable insight into the processes governing the isotope fractionation mechanisms on the atomic scale. The method is applicable to any state and does not require different treatment of crystals and fluids.     

Eocene Granitoids of the Okhotsk Granodiorite Complex (South Sakhalin)

Doklady Earth Sciences - As a result of U–Pb dating by LA-ICP-MS, the age of zircons from granitoids was determined to be 42.1–44.3 Ma for the rocks of first phase and 42.4–42.7...     

Plastic deformation of orthoenstatite and the ortho- to high-pressure clinoenstatite transition: a metadynamics simulation study

Atomic-scale mechanisms of plastic deformation in orthoenstatite, MgSiO₃ are studied by computer simulation methods. The combined use of metadynamics and molecular dynamics allows a direct observation of the structural changes during the creation of stacking faults in the (100) plane. A sequence of slip deformations in two different (100) planes at P = 15 GPa and T = 1,000 K reveals a probable transformation mechanism for the ortho- to high-pressure clinopyroxene transition. Each of the observed slips consists of at least four partial deformations crossing high-energy intermediate structures. In agreement with experimental studies, both (100)[010] and (100)[001] slip systems are activated in the deformation process. The observation of a dominant (100)[001] single slip system in pyroxenes may be related to the fact that high-energy intermediate dislocations with (100)[010] component are not stable on geological or experimental timescales.