长江河口涨落潮不对称性动力成因分析

长江河口存在着涨落潮流速和历时的不对称现象.本应用长江河口三维数值模式,数值试验定量给出了不同径流量、潮汐和水深下南北支、南北港和南北槽涨潮落潮平均流速和历时,通过横断面涨潮落潮通量必须满足质量守恒观点从动力机制上给出了涨潮落潮流速和历时不对称的成因.     

Simulated circulations off the Changjiang （Yangtze） River mouthin spring and autumn

The circulations off the Changjiang mouth in May and November were simulatedby a three dimension numerical model with monthly averaged parameters of dynamic factors in this paper. The area covers the East China Sea (ECS), Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea. Simulated results show that the circulation off the Changjiang mouth in spring and autumn is mainly the Changjiang runoff and Taiwan Warm Current (TWC). The Changjlang discharge is much larger in May than in November, and the wind is westward in May, and southward in November offthe Changjiang mouth. The runoff in May branches in three parts, one eastward flows, the other two flow northward and southward along the Subei and Zhejiang coast respectively. The Changjiang diluted water expands eastward off the mouth, and forms a strong salinity front near the mouth. Surface circulation in autumn is similar to that in winter, the runoff southward flows along the coast, and the northward flowing TWC becomes weaker compared to that in spring and summer. The bottom circulations in May and November are mainly the runoff near the mouth and the TWC off the mouth, and the runoff and TWC are greater in May than in November.     

长江河口北支上口不规则周期潮流的动力机制

数值模拟和动量分析长江河口北支上口枯季大潮期间 1 d内出现"四涨四落"不规则周期涨落潮流现象。长江河口北支上口 1日内两次涨潮流和两次落潮流为常规涨落潮流,受外海半日潮流控制,两次涨潮流和落潮流为非常规涨落潮流。北支上口非常规的涨潮流处于南支落潮的末期,范围小,流速弱,历时约2 h;表层主要是垂向黏滞项和水平扩散项与正压项间的作用,南向的垂向黏滞项起着决定的作用,底层则是斜压项与正压项间的作用;北支上口非常规涨潮流是北风、盐度锋面产生的南向斜压压强梯度力和南支末期落潮流的牵引作用共同造成的;径流抑制非常规涨潮流的产生,持续时间随径流量的增加呈指数递减,当径流量达到22 300 m3/s时,非常规涨潮流现象消失。北支上口非常规落潮流处于南支涨潮流的初期,由于在北支上口南支的涨潮流早于北支涨潮流,导致南支水体进入北支,形成北支上口第二次落潮流,范围较大,流速较强,历时约2.5 h,从表层至底层主要是垂向黏滞项与非线性平流项和正压项之间的作用。本文揭示了北支上口 1 d内出现"四涨四落"不规则周期涨落潮流的动力过程和机制。     

青草沙水库工程对附近水域河床冲淤的影响

青草沙水库是长江河口的一个重大工程,显著改变了北港上段的河势。河势的变化会引起流场和泥沙质量浓度的变化,进而影响河床的冲淤。本文应用三维水动力和泥沙数值模式,计算和分析了青草沙水库工程对附近水域流场、泥沙质量浓度和冲淤的影响。青草沙水库工程建设后,北港河道束窄,导致水库北侧河道主槽流速和泥沙质量浓度增加。水库工程使得进入北港的径流量和纳潮量减少,导致青草沙水库以东、北港下段和拦门沙区域流速和泥沙质量浓度下降。应用半理论半经验河床冲淤公式和模式计算的工程前后流速、泥沙质量浓度和水位数据,给出了由水库工程造成的河床冲淤变化分布。在水库以北北港水域发生普遍冲刷,冲刷强度最大可达2~3 m,冲淤分布和量值与工程前后实测水深变化吻合良好。数值模式较好地模拟了青草沙水库工程对附近水域冲淤分布的影响和变化量值。     

杭州湾、长江口余流及其物质输运作用的模拟研究Ⅰ.杭州湾、长江口三维联合模型

根据杭州湾、长江口流场和物质输运的特点,引进正交曲线网格版本ＥＣＯＭ模型,并对斜压梯度力和物质对流扩散的计算作了改进,建立了一个以杭州湾和长江口为整体的三维联合模型,用于潮流、余流和物质输运的计算和研究．     

黄海冷水团对长江冲淡水扩展的影响

利用作者已建立的σ坐标系下三维非线斜压陆架模式,研究黄海冷水团对长江冲淡水扩展的影响。数据试验结果表明,黄海冷水团产生的余流,与黄海冷水团的强度和海底地形有关。     

杭州湾、长江口余流及其物质输运作用的模拟研究Ⅱ冬季余流及其对物质的运输作用

首先分析了杭州湾、长江口冬季余流和物质输运作用的观测特征,提出了几个值得继续研究的问题．然后,利用杭州湾、长江口三维联合模型,综合考虑径流、风应力、密度流、中国东部海域背景环流和Ｍ２,Ｓ２,Ｋ１,Ｏ１四个分潮的综合作用,模拟出了冬季的余流结构及其对物质的输运作用．在此基础上,针对所总结的几个问题,进一步作数值模拟,讨论余流和物质输运作用形成的机制。     

河口大型围垦工程中龙口水动力特点

河口大型围垦工程围区吞吐潮量大,河口滩势条件复杂,龙口位置选择和极值流速确定是工程设计中的关键环节。以两个典型河口大型围垦工程龙口为例,从水动力分析角度提出合理的龙口平面选址和龙口渡汛时因地制宜的结构布置。在青草沙水库工程中,龙口位置的确定充分利用围区原有深槽的过流能力,以保证库区内外及时水交换,并兼顾到围堤实施顺序与工程区整体河势环境相协调,避免口门进出水引起工程河段滩地的大冲大淤,也确保了堤基安全。龙口渡汛需要面临长时间大潮汛过流考验,龙口流速大小决定了龙口结构的保护方案和后期的合龙方案,常规使用的堰流计算方法能较为准确地计算龙口流量和断面平均流速过程,数值模型能对大型龙口流速空间分布情况进行很好的模拟,是常规计算方法的重要补充。计算结果表明口门横向上中心流速大于口门两侧流速,在纵向上底坡内外两侧顶角处水流受重力作用加强,垂向断面收缩,在涨、落急时刻分别形成大流速区,是龙口结构布置时重点抗冲保护区域,需要设置抗冲性较强、自重大且联接牢固的护面材料。此外,同一潮周期内涨急流速通常大于落急流速也是其重要水动力特点。     

采用质点跟踪方法对物质输运方程平流项数值格式的改进

用数值模式对河口海岸地区的物质输运进行计算时,平流项的数值格式必须要能对物质浓度锋面进行正确处理,以避免产生过多的数值耗散或频散。本文中设计了一种在网格内设置一些质点并对质点进行跟踪的格式计算平流项。结果表明,质点跟踪格式在一维情形下无频散和几乎没有耗散,在二维情形下无频散和在水深变化剧烈的地方基本避免了垂向数值耗散。与其他数值格式的耗散性和频散性相比,本文中设计的数值格式明显地提高了物质输运方程中平流项的计算精度,在河口海洋物质输运的计算中具有较大的应用价值。     

A numerical study on water diversion ratio of the Changjiang(Yangtze)estuary in dry season

We studied the flood, ebb and tidal averaged along (net) water diversion ratio (WDR) during dry season in the Changjiang (Yangtze) estuary, China, along with the effects of northerly wind, river discharge, tide and their interactions on WDR using the improved version of three-dimensional numerical model ECOM. Using data for annual mean wind speed and river discharge during January, we determined that the flood, ebb, net WDR values in the North Branch of the estuary were 3.48%, 1.68%,-4.06% during spring tide, and 4.82%, 2.34%,-2.79% during neap tide, respectively. Negative net WDR values denote the transport of water from the North Branch into the South Branch. Using the same data, the corresponding ratios were 50.09%, 50.92%, 54.97%, and 52.33%, 50.15%, 43.86% in the North Channel and 38.56%, 44.78%, 103.96%, and 36.92%, 43.17%, 60.97% in the North Passage, respectively. When northerly wind speed increased, landward Ekman transport was enhanced in the North Branch, increasing the flood WDR, while the ebb WDR declined and the net WDR exhibited a significant decrease. Similarly, in the North Channel, the flood WDR is increased, the ebb WDR reduced, and the net WDR showed a marked decrease. In the North Passage, the flood WDR also increased while the ebb and net WDR declined. As the river discharge increased, the flood and ebb WDR of the North Branch increased slightly and the net WDR increased markedly. In the North Channel the flood and ebb WDR changed very slightly, while the net WDR declined during spring tides and increased during neap tides. The WDR in the North Passage changed slightly during flood and ebb tides while the net WDR showed a marked increase. The WDR values of different bifurcations and the responses to northerly wind, river discharge, and tide are discussed in comparison with variations in river topography, horizontal wind-induced circulation, and tidal-induced residual current.