能力培养为导向的实践课程改革与设计

大学实践课程是培养学生创新、创业实践能力的重要环节,本文在新工科实验课程建设中,提出了以能力培养为导向的实践课程设计思路,旨在培养适应当今新技术、新产业、新模式快速变革时代的创新性工程科技人才。本文将传统的验证性实践课程调整为"目标设定、方案规划及实施"的设计型实验课程,强调学生在实践中的主体地位,遵循实践能力培养的规律,引导学生在实践中重参与、重思考、重实施、重过程。同时,将行业的最新发展、最新变革反映在实践教学课程中,增加了新型传感器及混合云人机协作数据处理平台,确保学生获取的知识和技术与快速发展的行业水平相接轨。本文以摄影测量实习课程改革为例,实践证明,课程的实施对于培养学生综合分析设计、创造性解决专业问题的能力取得了较好的效果。     

OSL chronology of a Palaeolithic site in a humid subtropical mountainous area of southeast China

The timing of Palaeolithic human activities in South China is still controversial because of the lack of a reliable chronology of archaeological sites. The Longdengshan Palaeolithic site(LPS), located close to the Wuyi Mountain of South China, represents the first discovered and scientifically excavated Middle Palaeolithic site in the Fujian Province. This site is of considerable significance for studying the diffusion and cultural connotation of early Homo sapiens in southern China. In this study, we present optically stimulated luminescence(OSL) ages obtained from medium-grained quartz collected at the LPS. The single-aliquot regenerative-dose measurements of red soil deposits collected at the same site yielded internally and stratigraphically consistent ages and similar errors, indicating a potential ability of the technique, and also reflecting the influence of various sedimentary facies on the test results. Our results indicate that the 38-63 μm quartz grains were generally partially-bleached and had large values of over-dispersion in the palaeo-reticulated laterites of west Fujian. Some samples yielded unsatisfactory results, suggesting that the degree of bleaching of diluvial and alluvial deposits should be properly assessed before dating. We did not detect any enrichment/depletion of U, Th and radioactive disequilibrium. The effect of chemical weathering on the dose rate estimation was negligible. Therefore, we used a central age model and the maximum age model to calculate the age of two samples, respectively, and the minimum age model to calculate the ages of the rest of the samples. The OSL ages of the samples ranged from 27.09 ± 2.30 ka to 54.65 ± 7.39 ka for the 38-63 μm quartz size fraction, and roughly corresponded to the Marine Isotope Stage 3. In addition, three ages out of five are based on the calculation of minimum ages in this research, which needs to be further verified by other dating methods.     

城市轨道交通盾构隧道病害空间分布特征量化研究

随着地铁的不断建设与投入使用,我国正在逐步进入地铁运营养护期,地铁病害检测与运营养护也逐渐得到重视。随着地铁运营年限的增加,病害也呈现加重趋势。通过三维激光扫描技术获取隧道病害全面信息,利用空间自相关性分析地铁隧道病害的地理空间分布特征,对于认识病害形成机理,防治病害具有重要意义。本文以某地铁隧道通过三维激光扫描所获得的水平收敛数据为基础,利用空间自相关分析法定量分析了病害在地理空间上的分布特征,以及与周边水文地质环境的关系。结果表明,隧道病害在地理空间分布上呈现显著的空间正相关与空间集聚特性,且病害严重区与隧道周边水文地质环境密切相关。本文结果为隧道病害地理空间分布特征研究、认识病害分布规律及后期病害治理提供了有效依据。     

Homogenization of the Daily Land Surface Temperature over the Mainland of China from 1960 through 2017

Land surface temperature(LST) is one of the most important factors in the land-atmosphere interaction process. Raw measured LSTs may contain biases due to instrument replacement, changes in recording procedures, and other non-climatic factors. This study attempts to reduce the above biases in raw daily measurements and achieves a homogenized daily LST dataset over China using 2360 stations from 1960 through 2017. The high-quality land surface air temperature(LSAT)dataset is used to correct the LST warming biases especially evident during cold months in regions north of 40°N due to the replacement of observation instruments around 2004. Subsequently, the Multiple Analysis of Series for Homogenization(MASH) method is adopted to detect and then adjust the daily observed LST records. In total, 3.68 × 103 effective breakpoints in 1.65 × 106 monthly records(about 20%) are detected. A large number of these effective breakpoints are located over large parts of the Sichuan Basin and southern China. After the MASH procedure, LSTs at more than 80% of the breakpoints are adjusted within +/– 0.5°C, and of the remaining breakpoints, only 10% are adjusted over 1.5°C.Compared to the raw LST dataset over the whole domain, the homogenization significantly reduces the mean LST magnitude and its interannual variability as well as its linear trend at most stations. Finally, we perform preliminary analysis upon the homogenized LST and find that the annual mean LST averaged across China shows a significant warming trend [0.22°C(10 yr)–1]. The homogenized LST dataset can be further adapted for a variety of applications(e.g.,model evaluation and extreme event characterization).     

云南金沙厂铅锌矿床地球化学特征及其指示意义

位于扬子地块西南缘的“川滇黔铅锌矿集区”是我国西南大面积低温成矿域的重要组成部分, 金沙厂铅锌矿床是其中典型矿床之一, 前人针对金沙厂矿床的成矿物质来源和成矿流体特征开展了大量研究, 但围岩对成矿的贡献和矿床成因仍不明确。针对这一问题, 本文系统分析了金沙厂闪锌矿及围岩的微量元素组成, 结合围岩和萤石的稀土元素特征, 探讨了围岩对成矿的贡献, 厘定了矿床成因。研究表明, 闪锌矿以富集Cd、Ge、Cu、Ga, 贫Fe、Mn、In、Co、Ni为特征, 这些元素多以类质同象的形式赋存在闪锌矿中, 个别元素如Cu、Ge等含量变化范围较大, 可能与低温流体有关。矿床中闪锌矿存在多种颜色的原因可能是Cu、Ge等多种元素共同作用的结果。近矿端的围岩明显富集Zn、Pb、As、Cd等元素, 而闪锌矿中同样富集这些元素, 说明围岩为成矿提供了部分金属元素。萤石继承了围岩的Eu、Ce负异常, 并受到了具有较高Ce负异常的成矿流体影响。萤石较围岩具有较高的Y/Ho比值, 说明萤石中的部分Y来源于围岩, 从而导致萤石具有较高的Y/Ho值。总体上, 该矿床中闪锌矿微量元素组成与MVT矿床基本一致, 明显有别于喷流沉积型、岩浆热液型和远端夕卡岩型矿床, 其成矿温度属于低温范围, 结合其矿床地质地球化学特征, 本文认为金沙厂铅锌矿床属于MVT铅锌矿床。     

华南锑矿带单锑型锑矿床“两层楼”二元成矿模型——以滇东南木利锑矿床为例

华南锑矿带是我国乃至世界上最重要的锑成矿带, 分布有众多大型-超大型单锑型锑矿床。本文以滇东南木利锑矿床作为主要研究对象, 并与华南锑矿带内单锑型矿床中最典型的锡矿山和独山锑矿田(床)进行详细的基础地质特征对比研究。发现对于单锑型锑矿田(床)而言, 无论是矿田尺度还是矿床尺度, 普遍具有“石英-辉锑矿”和“方解石-辉锑矿”两种矿石类型。同一矿田内, 部分矿床(段)以“石英-辉锑矿”的矿物组合为主, 部分以“方解石-辉锑矿”的矿物组合为主; 而矿床(段)尺度内, 又往往表现为上部“石英-辉锑矿”型矿物组合, 下部为“方解石-辉锑矿”型矿物组合的两层楼模式。该模型的提出对于华南锑矿带单锑型矿床成因研究和找矿勘查具有重要意义。     

云南镍钴矿成矿规律及找矿方向

镍、钴是我国重要的紧缺战略性矿产, 其保障程度对国家稳定和发展具有重要意义。云南省作为有色金属王国, 已发现了镍矿床(点)42处, 钴矿床(点)48处, 查明资源量位于全国前列, 具有较好的镍、钴矿找矿潜力。本文在前人研究工作基础上, 梳理了云南省镍、钴矿床的成因类型、时空分布和成矿作用, 总结成矿规律, 并探讨找矿方向。云南省镍、钴矿床可划分为岩浆型、岩浆热液型、海相火山岩型、受变质型、中-低温热液型和风化型6种矿床类型。镍、钴矿主要集中于扬子陆块及三江造山带, 镍矿床主要形成于印支期及喜马拉雅期, 钴矿床主要形成于喜马拉雅期、晋宁期及印支期。岩浆型和风化型镍、钴矿床与印支期扬子陆块的基性-超基性岩侵入活动关系密切, 中-低温热液型钴矿与喜马拉雅期的构造活动相关, 海相火山岩型和受变质型钴矿则是位于扬子陆块内与晋宁期火山活动相关的昆阳群和大红山岩群中。通过对全省镍、钴矿成矿作用分析和成矿规律总结, 结合潜力评价工作成果, 全省共圈定8处找矿远景区。为云南省新一轮找矿突破战略行动镍、钴矿勘查部署提供思路。     

砾石单元法与SPH耦合模型在数值波浪水槽中的应用研究

为研究以流体粒子描述波浪运动,以固体单元描述砾石运动的两相介质大变形运动,在港口、海岸工程科学研究中具有重要意义。本文提出砾石单元法(GEM),介绍了光滑粒子动力学方法 (SPH)和GEM的基本原理,阐述了GEM与离散单元法(DEM)的异同之处,说明了采用SPH方法与GEM构建波浪砾石耦合运动数学模型的方法和过程。应用SPH方法建立数值波浪水槽,用GEM模拟波浪作用下堆积砾石的滚落、坍塌变形,构建了SPH方法与GEM耦合数学模型。模拟了水槽造波和波浪生成过程和波浪作用下砾石的滚落、坍塌变形,并与物理模型试验成果进行了比较,结果基本吻合。本文提出的GEM法具有模拟单相堆积砾石运动和堆积砾石与流体粒子耦合多相介质运动的功能,是对DEM法的补充和改善。本文提出的堆积力学球概念和拟序排列求解方法是砾石单元法的重要组成部分。     

晋北煅烧高岭土用煤矸石的应用矿物学特征

为了给晋北煅烧高岭土用煤矸石的评价和开发利用提供科学依据,采用XRD、XRF、SEM和白度计等现代分析测试技术,研究了晋北煅烧高岭土用煤矸石的应用矿物学特征。结果表明:1)根据造纸和涂料用煅烧高岭土的国家标准,晋北煤矸石主要可分为3种类型:合格原料、基本合格原料和不合格原料。2)与合格和基本合格原料相比,不合格原料煅烧产物的化学成分中SiO₂、Al₂O₃、Fe₂O₃含量以及碱金属与碱土金属总含量都与前者有较大差异。3)合格和基本合格原料主要由高岭石(85%～94%)组成,不合格煤矸石矿物组合为高岭石(30%～60%)+石英(23%～38%)+伊利石(14%～26%),并含少量黄铁矿和白云石等杂质矿物,石英等杂质矿物和含铁矿物是分别导致煅烧产物化学成分和白度不合格的主要原因。4)合格原料中高岭石结晶度较好,主要为不规则片状、书册状和弯曲片状,片表面光滑,片径大小范围较大,为0.05～51.22μm,平均2.80μm,径厚比41.24。