对加强地震政府网站地震突发事件信息保障工作的思考

地震政府网站是地震行业面向社会宣传防震减灾工作、服务公众的重要窗口.汶川、玉树地震后,地震工作越来越受到社会的关注,地震政府网站已成为社会公众和主流媒体、网站获取地震信息的重要平台,在抗震救灾中发挥着越来越重要的作用.本文通过地震政府网站在汶川、玉树等地震突发事件中信息保障工作的实践,从网站应急制度建设、编制网站应急预...     

Contourlet变换和Tsallis熵的多源遥感图像匹配

提出了一种利用Contourlet变换、Tsallis熵和改进粒子群优化的多源遥感图像匹配算法。在分别对参考图像和目标图像进行Contourlet分解的基础上,以基于Tsallis熵的互信息量作为相似性度量准则,利用改进的带极值扰动的简化粒子群优化算法对低分辨率的遥感图像进行匹配操作,逐级上推,最终实现全分辨率情况下多源遥感图像的匹配。实验结果表明,与常用的遥感图像匹配算法相比,该算法匹配精度高,稳健性好,且运算量大幅减少。     

珠江口盆地白云南洼珠海组陆架边缘三角洲沉积体系演化

珠江口盆地白云南洼珠海组发育陆架边缘三角洲,其不仅是深水区勘探重要的油气储层类型,也是沉积地质学和石油地质学研究的热点。根据高精度三维地震资料,应用三级层序格架内等时地层切片技术,对珠江口盆地白云南洼珠海组陆架边缘三角洲的沉积结构和平面演化开展了详细研究。研究表明,区内存在北部和西北部两个物源方向的陆架边缘三角洲物源供给体系,进而形成连续4期三角洲前积复合体,各期次通过解剖三角洲前积结构和叠置样式可细分为2~5套三角洲前积体,地震上表现为切线斜交型和S型反射结构。不同物源供给体系下的三角洲进积和加积速率差异明显,根据陆架边缘三角洲的演化阶段可划分为初始形成期、发展期和稳定期三个阶段。初始形成期为珠海组四段中晚期,三角洲垂向上均表现为进积,平面上北部物源供给的陆架边缘三角洲形成面积小,西北部物源供给的三角洲面积相对大;发展期为珠海组三段,三角洲垂向上进积和加积均存在,陆架边缘三角洲沉积厚度达到最大,平面上北部物源供给的陆架边缘三角洲—深水扇体系发育一定规模,西北部物源供给的陆架三角洲前缘发育陆架条带砂脊;稳定期为珠海组二段和一段,三角洲垂向结构表现为先进积后加积,三角洲前缘规模变大,陆坡水道和深水扇最为发育。珠海组时期陆架边缘三角洲形成演化受双物源差异供给、相对海平面的先升后降和构造活动的相对稳定共同控制。北部物源供给的珠海组陆架边缘三角洲—深水陆坡沉积体系可作为区内最有利的油气勘探目标。     

地质图形处理系统设计

介绍了地质图形计算机处理系统的系统功能、系统结构、图形数据库结构以及图形生成与编辑;讨论了在开发地质图形计算机辅助设计或绘图系统时,应如何体现专业特点,如何在数据中表达地质现象的地层和构造意义,如何在地质模型建立中融入专业人员的地质背景知识,以及怎样设计出实际有效的地质图形处理软件系统等问题。     

Review of Chinese atmospheric science research over the past 70 years: Synoptic meteorology

Synoptic meteorology is a branch of meteorology that uses synoptic weather observations and charts for the diagnosis,study,and forecasting of weather.Weather refers to the specific state of the atmosphere near the Earth's surface during a short period of time.The spatial distribution of meteorological elements in the atmosphere can be represented by a variety of transient weather phenomena,which are caused by weather systems of different spatial and temporal scales.Weather is closely related to people's life,and its development and evolution have always been the focus of atmospheric scientific research and operation.The development of synoptic meteorology is closely related to the development of observation systems,dynamical theories and numerical models.In China,observation networks have been built since the early 1950 s.Up to now,a comprehensive meteorological observation systembased on ground,air and space has been established.In particular,the development of a new generation of dense radar networks,the development of the Fengyun satellite series and the implementation of a series of large field experiments have brought our understanding of weather from large-scale environment to thermal dynamics,cloud microphysical structure and evolution characteristics of meso and micro-scale weather systems.The development of observation has also promoted the development of theory,numerical model and simulation.In the early days,China mainly used foreign numerical models.Lately,China has developed numerical model systems with independent intellectual property rights.Based on the results of high-resolution numerical simulations,in-depth understanding of the initiation and evolution mechanism and predictability of weather at different scales has been obtained.Synoptic meteorology has gradually changed from an initially independent development to a multidisciplinary approach,and the interaction between weather and the change of climate and environment has become a hot and frontier topic in atmospheric science.This paper reviews the important scientific and technological achievements made in China over the past 70 years in the fields of synoptic meteorology based on the literatures in China and abroad,from six aspects respectively including atmospheric dynamics,synoptic-scale weather,typhoon and tropical weather,severe convective weather,numerical weather prediction and data assimilation,weather and climate,atmospheric physics and atmospheric environment.     

Spatial and temporal dynamics of dissolved trace metals, organic carbon, mineral nutrients, and phytoplankton in a coastal lagoon: Great South Bay, New York

Although marine lagoons are ubiquitous features along coastal margins, studies investigating the dynamics of metal, organic matter, and nutrient concentrations in such systems are rare. Here we present a comprehensive examination of the temporal and spatial gradients in dissolved trace metals (Ag, Cd, Cu, Mn, Pb), organic and inorganic nutrients (POC, PON, DOC, N0₃ ⁻, NH₄ ⁺, H₄SiO₄, PO₄ ⁻³, and urea), and algal biomass in a lagoon estuary, Great South Bay (GSB), New York, USA. While this estuary has experienced a series of environmental problems during recent decades (urbanization, loss of fisheries, harmful algal blooms), root causes are largely unknown, in part because levels of bioactive substances, such as trace metals, have never been measured. Sampling was undertaken within multiple estuarine, riverine, and groundwater sites during spring, summer, and fall. Trace metal tracers (e.g., Ag, Mn) and statistical analyses were used to differentiate the influences of natural and anthropogenic processes on the chemical composition of the lagoon. Our analyses revealed three clusters of biogeochemical constituents that behaved similarly in GSB: constituents under strong biological control such as POC, PON, DOC and chlorophyll,a; elements indicative of benthic remobilization processes such as Mn, Cd, and Cu; and constituents strongly influence by anthropogenic processes such as Ag, Pb, PO₄ ⁻³, NO₃ ⁻, and NH₄ ⁺. Although GSB is surrounded by a densely populated watershed (c. 1 million people), it does not appear to be significantly contaminated by trace metals compared to other urban estuaries. Levels of DOC (up to 760 μM) in GSB were well correlated with phytoplankton biomass and exceeded at least 98% of values reported in similar mid Atlantic estuaries at the same salinities. These high levels of DOC are likely to be an important source of carbon export to the coastal ocean and likely promote mixotrophic harmful algal blooms in this system.     

Observations and Large-Eddy Simulations of Entrainment in the Sheared Sahelian Boundary Layer

At the top of the planetary boundary layer, the entrainment of air, which incorporates dry and warm air from the free troposphere into the boundary layer, is a key process for exchanges with the free troposphere since it controls the growth of the boundary layer. Here, we focus on the semi-arid boundary layer where the entrainment process is analyzed using aircraft observations collected during the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis experiment and large-eddy simulations. The role of the entrainment is specifically enhanced in this region where very large gradients at the planetary boundary-layer top can be found due to the presence of the moist, cold monsoon flow on which the dry, warm Harmattan flow is superimposed. A first large-eddy simulation is designed based on aircraft observations of 5 June 2006 during the transition period between dry conditions and the active monsoon phase. The simulation reproduces the boundary-layer development and dynamics observed on this day. From this specific case, sensitivity tests are carried out to cover a range of conditions observed during seven other flights made in the same transition period in order to describe the entrainment processes in detail. The combination of large-eddy simulations and observations allows us to test the parametrization of entrainment in a mixed-layer model with zero-order and first-order approximations for the entrainment zone. The latter representation of the entrainment zone gives a better fit with the conditions encountered in the Sahelian boundary layer during the transition period because large entrainment thicknesses are observed. The sensitivity study also provides an opportunity to highlight the contribution of shear stress and scalar jumps at the top of the boundary layer in the entrainment process, and to test a relevant parametrization published in the recent literature for a mixed-layer model.