注入速率对CO_2地质储存封存潜力的影响分析

国内某著名煤炭企业计划实施每年10万吨的CO2地质储存（CCS）项目,拟选了5组地层做为目标储层。但所选封存层平均渗透率在0.15~0.6mD,平均孔隙度在2~6%,属于低渗低孔地层,如不进行人工压裂提高注入层渗透率,要实现预定存储目标尚有一些困难。笔者在研究中发现,除对目标层进行一定的水裂酸化处理提高地层渗透特性可以显著提高注入性和存储能力外,CO2注入速率的变化对地层的封存能力和注入性也有明显影响。运用TOUGH2-ECO2N软件分别模拟了无水裂及水裂情况下8种不同注入速率下这些目标存储层的压力变化及CO2封存状态比例及理论最大封存能力。模拟结果表明使用水裂酸化方法对储层进行处理后,不仅可以使注入总量达到项目要求,还可使系统理论最大储存能力提高55%;并且在灌注过程中采用变速灌注方式,可以有效控制系统压力积聚,对将来实际灌注压力控制具有重要意义。     

福建浦城龙堂寺萤石矿地质特征及成因探讨

龙堂寺萤石矿体贮存于断裂带中,通过对成矿地质条件、矿体特征,矿物成分、矿石结构、构造等研究分析,认为该矿属低温热液充填型脉状萤石矿床。     

Assessing vegetation dynamics and their relationships with climatic variability in Heilongjiang province, northeast China

In this study, the vegetation dynamics in Heilongjiang province and their relationships with climate variability were assessed using normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and meteorological datasets from 1981 to 2003. The conclusions from our results are as follows: (1) After 1981, vegetation cover, as indicated by the NDVI, exhibited an insignificant increasing tendency. However, the inter-annual variations of the NDVI showed apparent spatial differentiations. (2) The inter-annual changes of the NDVI were different from season to season. The spring and autumn NDVI values increased, while the summer and winter NDVI decreased. (3) The annual NDVI was significantly correlated with precipitation. Thus, as compared to temperature, precipitation was the dominant climatic factor affecting the vegetation dynamics in Heilongjiang province. (4) The trend in the NDVI showed a marked homogeneity corresponding to regional and seasonal variations in climate. Additionally, land use changes also play an important role in influencing the NDVI trends over some regions. All of these findings will enrich our knowledge of the natural forces that impact the stability of boreal ecosystems and provide a scientific basis for the environmental management in Heilongjiang province in response to climate change and human activities.     

稀土元素地球化学在锡矿床成因及找矿研究中的应用

研究锡矿床中花岗岩、赋矿地层、蚀变岩石和锡石的稀土地球化学特征,来探讨各类锡矿床成因.并总结了花岗岩成矿性评价的稀土地球化学定量标志.     

扬子地台西缘新生代富碱斑岩中的深源包体及其意义

在扬子地台西缘的碱性正长斑岩中发现由镁铝榴石聚晶,榴辉岩,榴闪岩,麻粒岩等组成的下地壳包体。推测杨子地台下部存在麻粒岩—榴辉岩高级变质相系的基底地层,它们可能是比早元古代大红山群更老的基底地层,也可能是构造机制造成的高级相转变。广泛分布在杨子地台西缘的喜山期富碱斑岩的原始岩浆可能有统一的形成机制,岩浆源区在壳幔边界,深部壳幔物质混染。随着杨子板块向西俯冲,岩浆源区深度加大,其原始岩浆的碱质也随之增加,所以西部的斑岩更偏基富碱。斑岩体的分布西界已到达澜沧江附近,这也可能是扬子板块地壳消失的边界。     

Adsorbed silica in stalagmite carbonate and its relationship to past rainfall

Despite considerable work on other trace elements, the incorporation of dissolved silicon from cave waters into speleothems has not been previously investigated. In this study, the controls on dissolved Si in cave waters and on adsorbed Si in resulting speleothems are therefore investigated. Bedrock (dolomite), soil water, dripping water, and cave carbonates were retrieved from Heshang Cave situated in the central Yangtze valley of China and were subjected to analysis of dissolved Si content (plus accompanying Ca and Fe analyses). Soil waters have Si/Ca of 45.5 mmol/mol, compared to only 3.2 mmol/mol in the dolomite bedrock, demonstrating that >80% of the dissolved Si must come from dissolution of silicate minerals in the soil. Drip waters have a dissolved Si concentration of ≈4.2 μg/mL, similar to that in the overlying soil water. Actively growing cave carbonates have a Si/Ca of 0.075 mmol/mol suggesting a partition coefficient for incorporation of dissolved silicon of 0.0014, in good agreement with previous laboratory studies. Extrapolating the results of these laboratory studies to the cave environment suggests that changes in Si/Ca in cave carbonates are likely to be primarily controlled by changes in drip-water Si/Ca. The drip-water Si/Ca will, in turn, be controlled by the rate of wind-blown silicate supply; by soil weathering rates; by rainfall dilution; and by precipitation of calcite. The general expectation is that these effects combine to produce high Si/Ca in speleothems during times of low rainfall. A δ¹⁸O record from a Heshang Cave stalagmite which grew between 20 and 11 thousand years ago allows these controls to be tested. Correlation of high Si/Ca with high δ¹⁸O demonstrates that regional rainfall exerts significant (but not complete) control on speleothem Si/Ca. With further understanding, speleothem Si/Ca may provide a proxy for past rainfall to complement existing proxies such as δ¹⁸O and Mg/Ca.     

云南省巧家县谓姑地区新元古代石英斑岩体形成时代及其地质意义

川-滇-黔地区是地质学者一直以来重点关注的地区之一,也是我国重要的有色金属基地之一,是滇东北成矿带的重要组成部分。本次在云南巧家县谓姑地区坪子地新发现一处石英斑岩体,该岩体岩性单一,并伴有铜矿化。本文在野外地质调查基础上,对该石英斑岩体进行了锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年、Lu-Hf同位素分析和岩石地球化学研究,以限定石英斑岩体侵位时代,反演岩体岩浆源区特征,总结石英斑岩体成因,并探讨其构造背景。结果显示,谓姑地区石英斑岩属高硅(SiO_2=70.41%～77.65%)、过铝质(A/CNK=1.29～5.37)岩石。岩石具较高的稀土总量(∑REE为1017.12×10~(-6)～1325.20×10~(-6)),(La/Yb)_N为22.87～42.78,(Lm/Sm)_N为4.84～5.61,轻稀土富集明显,铕负异常明显(δEu=0.21～0.25),相对富集K、Rb、Th、U、Zr、Nb、Sm等大离子亲石元素和高场强元素,形成于伸展拉张构造背景。石英斑岩体的锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄为795.4±5.8 Ma,表明其形成于新元古代青白口纪;锆石的ε_(Hf)(t)=-7.43～-5.76,平均-6.61,二阶段模式年龄值在2.063～2.146Ga,显示源区来源于古元古代古老地壳部分熔融。结合区域地质资料,认为该岩体是Rondnia超大陆裂解阶段的产物。     

“将古论今”——环境科学研究中的历史地质学方法

传统地质学的“将今论古”方法使地质学取得了巨大的成就,而且还将是今后地质学发展的指导思想,但面对资源、环境、减灾等人类在二十一世纪的主要问题,地球科学所面对的问题时,地质学家首先应该改变或者更新自己的思维方式。如果以地球演化的同一性原理来认识地球,则“将古论今”的方法对解决地球科学面临的挑战人有重要的意义。以历史地质学的方法和视角,研究地质过程的发生、发展和演化过程,以及这种过程在今天和明天的演化趋势,及其对人类生存环境的影响,将是今后一十时期地质科学的主要任务。     

聂荣微陆块花岗片麻岩锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年——新元古代基底岩石的发现及其意义

聂荣微陆块呈透镜体状夹持在班公湖-怒江板块缝合带内,其上出露有黑云母花岗片麻岩以及二长花岗片麻岩等不同类型的古老片麻岩,本文报道产出于聂荣微陆块上花岗片麻岩的锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年结果,样品锆石的岩浆震荡环带十分发育,多数锆石具有典型的岩浆结晶锆石的特征。所有测点中有16个测点的Th/U值较高,介于0.58~1.24之间,平均值为0.79,获得的²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U年龄基本一致,加权平均值为819.6±5.2Ma,笔者等认为该年龄代表了花岗片麻岩的原岩结晶时代为新元古代。我们在羌塘南部地区的碎屑岩中获得了同样的年龄峰值(809Ma)。此外,我们认为年龄中具有507Ma左右的信息反映了泛非事件之后另外一次强烈构造热事件的影响在该区的存在。     

The state of land subsidence and prediction approaches due to groundwater withdrawal in China

This article gives a general introduction to land subsidence with the prediction approaches due to withdrawal of groundwater in three subsided/subsiding regions in China: the deltaic plain of Yangtse River (YRDP), North China Plain (NCP), and Fenwei Plain (FP). On YRDP, Shanghai is the typical subsided/subsiding city; on NCP Tianjin is the typical subsided/subsiding city, and on FP Taiyuan is the typical subsided/subsiding city. The subsided area with subsidence over 200 mm on YRDP is about 10,000 km² and the maximum subsided value reached 2.9 m at Shanghai; on NCP the subsided area reached 60,000 km² with the maximum subsidence of 3.9 m at Tianjing; on FP the subsided area is relatively smaller than that on the other two plains and is about 1,135 km² with maximum subsidence of 3.7 m at Taiyuan city. In order to protect the civil and industrial facilities, it is necessary to predict the future development of land subsidence based on present state. Many researchers proposed several approaches to predict the land subsidence due to groundwater withdrawal according to different geological conditions and groundwater withdrawal practice. This article classifies these approaches into five categories: (i) statistical methods; (ii) 1D numerical method; (iii) quasi-3D seepage model; (iv) 3D seepage model; (v) fully coupled 3D model. In China, the former four categories are presently employed in the prediction practice and their merits and demerits are discussed. According to the prediction practice, 3D seepage model is the best method presently.